Table 9 Descriptive statistics of motivational variables by spin-off creation intention

M4—to obtain financial resources for further research

1

265

4.29

0.8923

1

30

4.57

0.6789

1

353

4.32

0.8894

M8—to ensure direct control over the commercialization of my invention

6

246

4.10

0.9948

2

29

4.52

0.6336

6

331

4.10

0.9892

M2—to ensure an ecosystem that is more flexible than the university for the further development of my invention

2

237

4.27

0.9583

3

30

4.50

0.9738

2

316

4.31

0.9428

M1—to collect industrial feedback on the applicability of my invention

3

245

4.20

1.0065

4

30

4.47

0.7303

4

329

4.19

0.9963

M10—to secure jobs for young researchers at my spin-off company

7

260

4.01

1.0076

5

30

4.43

0.7739

7

348

4.03

0.9980

M3—to increase my personal income from my entrepreneurial activities

4

267

4.20

0.8895

6

30

4.40

0.6747

3

354

4.23

0.8841

M9—to benefit society with my invention

5

265

4.15

1.0237

7

30

4.30

0.8769

5

355

4.19

1.0081

M11—to secure a job if my university position is terminated

8

253

3.72

1.2858

8

29

4.00

1.1019

8

339

3.80

1.2526

M5—to increase my scientific reputation through entrepreneurship

10

261

3.03

1.2400

9

30

3.33

1.1842

10

351

3.08

1.2543

M7—to demonstrate the practical relevance of my research to family/friends

11

261

2.67

1.2153

10

30

3.33

1.4700

11

352

2.77

1.2741

6—to increase my social reputation through entrepreneurship

9

262

3.08

1.2369

11

30

3.27

1.0807

9

352

3.10

1.2407