A Systems View Across Time and Space
Table 9 Results of test from error correction model
From: Does innovation promote economic growth? Evidence from European countries
Countries | Granger causality test between | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PAR and GDP | PAN and GDP | RDE and GDP | ||||
Short-run | Long-run | Short-run | Long-run | Short-run | Long-run | |
Austria | 4.90*/4.16* | −3.39*/−1.33 | 8.97*/−1.90 | −1.79/−1.03 | 0.634/6.37* | −0.25/−4.17* |
Belgium | 18.9*/1.21 | −2.46/−0.53 | 3.62**/1.48 | −2.12/1.13 | 3.55*/0.28 | NA/NA |
Czech Republic | 1.62/4.35* | NA/NA | 3.27**/0.74 | NA/NA | 1.17/4.91* | NA/NA |
Denmark | 0.42/4.32** | NA/NA | 3.16**/9.69* | −1.83/−3.21** | 20.6*/0.11 | −6.03*/−2.67 |
Finland | 4.32*/0.31 | NA/NA | 0.57/5.29* | −1.20/2.03 | 4.39*/1.08 | −1.56/1.75 |
France | 3.19**/0.60 | −2.83/−1.12 | 13.8*/2.57 | 2.91/−1.41 | 3.93*/2.00 | NA/NA |
Germany | 3.34**/1.01 | −3.27*/−0.82 | 0.72/12.2* | −4.03*/−2.92** | 9.32*/1.24 | NA/NA |
Greece | 6.73*/0.12 | NA/NA | 1.09/8.64* | NA/NA | –/– | –/– |
Hungary | 1.51/5.58* | NA/NA | 4.50*/5.28* | −2.03/−1.57 | 4.77*/1.94 | NA/NA |
Ireland | 0.63/3.95* | NA/NA | 3.25**/5.63* | NA/NA | 0.33/4.33 | NA/NA |
Italy | 6.74*/0.71 | NA/NA | 0.49/1.87 | NA/NA | 5.09*/1.50 | NA/NA |
Netherlands | 3.26**/0.90 | NA/NA | 3.64**/2.23 | −2.38/−1.57 | 0.34/4.44* | −2.52/−0.33 |
Norway | 2.83/14.5* | −0.85/−5.06* | 1.62/23.8* | NA/NA | 4.72*/0.79 | 0.30/−1.60 |
Poland | 14.3*/5.46* | NA/NA | 0.67/1.42 | NA/NA | 3.97*/1.78 | NA/NA |
Portugal | 5.19*/1.20 | −3.69***/1.28 | 4.09**/16.8* | NA/NA | 10.3*/0.21 | NA/NA |
Romania | 5.10*/0.86 | NA/NA | 3.69*/2.07 | NA/NA | 0.80/5.37* | −4.41/−3.07** |
Spain | 4.21*/4.56* | NA/NA | 5.42*/0.96 | NA/NA | 0.23/7.71* | −1.73/−3.03** |
Sweden | 8.93*/13.5* | −4.10*/−2.33 | 7.15*/0.13 | NA/NA | 3.36*/2.28 | NA/NA |
United Kingdom | 2.99**/0.33 | NA/NA | 10.1*/3.81** | −4.69*/−2.97** | 3.69*/1.94 | −1.16/−2.19 |
European panel | 5.91*/10.1* | −6.09*/−2.60 | 0.45/6.61* | −6.23*/−2.38 | 2.84*/6.08* | −5.34*/−1.14 |