A Systems View Across Time and Space
Table 1 Partners of large industrial firms, forms and objectives of collaborations
From: SMEs and knowledge-capital formation in innovation networks: a review of literature
Type of partners | Forms of collaboration | Objectives of the firm |
|---|---|---|
Academic research | Research programmes | Access to an anticipated vision of the technological evolution and to new knowledge |
International and European tenders | ||
Researcher mobility and PhD funding | Reduction of the risk and the cost of upstream research | |
Licences | ||
Clients/suppliers | Alliances (with or without capital participation) | Applied research and co-development of products |
Reduction of the risk and the cost of product development | ||
Licences | ||
Competitors | Joint ventures | Conception of future technologies |
International and European research programmes | Pre-competitive research | |
Reduction of the risk and the cost of pre-competitive research | ||
Small innovative firms | Financing, spin-off and acquisition of start-up | Access to very specialized competences |
Technological watch | ||
Cooperation agreements within clusters | Reduction of the risk and the cost of development | |
| Â | European and national research programmes | Â |