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A Systems View Across Time and Space

Table 4 Descriptive statistics

From: Ukrainian entrepreneurship in Italy: factors influencing the creation of ethnic ventures

 

Percentage* (%)

Dependent variable

 

 Creation of ethnic venture in the enclave

73.8

Independent variable

 

 Pull factors

 

  H1: Start-up capital personally saved or loaned by family members (PFC)

100

  H2: Start-up capital loaned by members of the ethnic group (EGC)

4.8

  H3: Start-up capital loaned by local banks (LBC)

0

  H4: Employees belonging to the family (FE)

4.8

  H5: Employees belonging to the ethnic group (EGE)

40.5

  H6: Employees belonging to other ethnic groups (OEGE)

0

  H7: Ethnic inputs from the ethnic group in the destination country (EGI)

13.6

  H8: Ethnic inputs from the ethnic group in the origin country (OCI)

54.6

  H9: Inputs from other ethnic groups (OEGI)

31.8

  H10: Ethnic outputs to already existing ethnic markets (EMO)

97.6

  H11: Ethnic outputs to potential ethnic markets (PEMO)

57.1

  H12: Outputs to other ethnic groups (OEGO)

80.5

  H13: Institutional problems (IP)

85.7

  H14: Business model (BM)

52.4

  H15: Managerial competences (MC)

21.4

 Push factors

 

  H16: Unemployment (GOU)

64.3

  H17: Previous work (LPW)

7.1

 Socio-demographic factors

 

  H18: Housing area (HA)

45.2

  H19: Age (AGE)

47.6

  H20: Number of years spent in the destination country (YDC)

66.7

  H21: Level of education (LE)

71.4

  H22: Gender (GEN)

71.4

  1. *Since all the variables are binary, the table shows only the percentage of answers associated to YES (code 1); Source: Questionnaire survey.