A Systems View Across Time and Space
Table 3 Proposed definitions
Term | Proposed definition |
|---|---|
Jugaad | An improvisational approach to solving one’s own or others’ problems in a creative way, at a low cost, in a short amount of time, and without serious taxonomy or discipline applied by people at the BoP as a result of poverty and exigency |
Frugal innovation | A derived management approach, based on jugaad, which focuses on the development, production, and product management of resource-saving products and services for people at the BoP by achieving a sufficient level of taxonomy and avoiding needless costs |
Frugal engineering/constraint-based innovation | Describes a process-oriented approach to adapt existing technologies to local challenges by dint of the integration of the local society in order to reduce inherent development costs and time |
Gandhian innovation | An approach that takes advantage from the adaption of existing technologies by integrating them into local context or/and establishing local expertise by spillovers through collaborations in order to increase social wealth of people from the BoP |
Catalytic innovation | An approach that focuses on social change by breaking down existing social and economic structures and creating new market structures which involves new development approaches of systematic, sustainable, and system-shifting kind |
Grassroots innovation | Represents a bottom-up development approach that includes social integrity and local civilians as inventors by connecting peoples through social or technical networks in order to develop ecologically and socially acceptable products and services |
Indigenous innovation | Considers technology transfers, predominantly technology inflows, from developed to emerging countries and their effects on local entrepreneurs at the BoP |
Reverse innovation | Represents the development of new products in and for emerging countries by DMFs or EMF which will be introduced equally in developed markets if the demand in developed markets is identified. The extreme case of reverse innovation is the development of new products in emerging countries which are only introduced in developed markets |