A Systems View Across Time and Space
From: Medium term effects of culture, transactions and institutions on opportunity entrepreneurship
 | Variables | Definition | Source of elements |
---|---|---|---|
OPP | Opportunity entrepreneurship | It is the dependent variable. The percentage of 18–64-year-olds who are either nascent entrepreneurs or owner-managers of new businesses, who (1) claim to be driven by opportunity rather than necessity and (2) indicate that the main driver for their involvement is independence or increasing, rather than maintaining their income. Mean for the period 2001–2006 | Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) |
C1, C2 and C3 | Performance orientation | The degree to which a society encourages and rewards its members for performance improvement and excellence | House et al. (2004) (the data were collected in the period 1995–1997) |
Future orientation | The extent to which individuals engage in future-oriented behaviours, such as delaying gratification, planning and investing in the future | ||
Gender egalitarianism | The degree to which a society minimises gender inequality | ||
Assertiveness | The degree to which individuals are assertive, confrontational and aggressive in their relationships with others | ||
Institutional collectivism | The degree to which organisational and societal practices encourage and reward collective distribution of resources and collective action | ||
In-group collectivism | The degree to which individuals express pride, loyalty and cohesiveness in their organisations or families | ||
Power distance | The degree to which members of a society expect power to be distributed equally | ||
Human orientation | The degree to which a society encourages and rewards individuals for being fair, altruistic, generous, caring and kind to others | ||
Uncertainty avoidance | The extent to which members of an organisation or society strive to avoid uncertainty by reliance on social norms, rituals and bureaucratic practices to alleviate the unpredictability of future events | ||
TI | Composite risk | This is the weighted average of individual risk indicators (political, financial and economic risk). The larger the value, the lower the level of risk for the country. It is the mean for the period of 1995–2005 | PRS Group (ICRG database) |
Starting a business | Time is recorded in calendar days. This measure captures the median duration that incorporation lawyers indicate is necessary to complete a procedure with a minimum follow-up with government agencies and no extra payments. It is the mean for the period of 2004–2005 | Doing business reports, The World Bank Groups | |
Corruption perceptions index | Is a snapshot of perceptions of public sector corruption. It uses the counter-variable, so the values it can assume are between 0 (highly clean) and 10 (highly corrupt). It is the mean for the period of 2001–2005 | Transparency International | |
Literacy rate | The ability to read and write as a percentage of total population (data period 1995–2005) | UNESCO Institute for Statistics | |
Property rights | An assessment of the ability of individuals to accumulate private property, secured by clear laws that are fully enforced by the state. It is the mean for the period of 1996–2005 | The Heritage Foundation, Index of Economic Freedom (HER) | |
Rule of law | Measures the extent to which stakeholders have confidence in and abide by the rules of society. In particular, it focuses on the quality of contract enforcement, the police and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime and violence. It is the mean for the period of 1996–2005 | Business Environment Risk Intelligence (BRI), | |
BIRTH | Birth rate | The number of childbirths per 1,000 people per year (2009 data) | CIA World Factbook |
PAT | Patents | Total number patents applied by a country in a year (2008 data) | Global Innovation Index 2009-2010 |