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A Systems View Across Time and Space

Table 2 Culture ratings

From: Ethnic minority entrepreneurship: an examination of Pakistani entrepreneurs in the UK

   

UK

Pakistan

Parameter

Value = 1

Value = 5

Score

Score

Time focus

Monochronic

Polychronic

3

5

Time orientation

Past

Future

3

5

Space

Private

Public

3

2

Power

Equality

Hierarchy

2

4

Structure

Individualism

Collectivism

3

3

Competition

Co-operative

Competitive

3

4

Communication

Low-context

High-context

3

4

Action

Being

Doing

3

5

  1. Source: Adapted from Browaeys and Price (2008:112–117).