A Systems View Across Time and Space
Table 1 Innovation models evolution in historical perspective
From: Conceptualizing the innovation process towards the ‘active innovation paradigm’—trends and outlook
Generation | Innovation model | Period | Authors of fundamental ideas | Essence of the model |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Technology push | 1950s—late 1960s | Usher (1955) | Linear process |
2 | Market (need) pull | Late 1960s—first half of 1970s | R&D on customer wishes | |
3 | Coupling model | Second half of 1970s—end of 1980s | Mowery and Rosenberg (1979) | Interaction of different functions |
Interactive model | Rothwell and Zegveld (1985) | Interaction with research institutions and market | ||
4 | Integrated model | End of 1980s—early 1990s | Kline and Rosenberg (1986) | Simultaneous process with feedback loops; ‘Chain-linked model’ |
5 | Networking-model | 1990s | Rothwell (1992) | System integration and networks (SIN) |
6 | Open innovation | 2000s | Chesbrough (2003a) | Innovation collaboration and multiple exploitation paths |