A Systems View Across Time and Space
From: Does innovation promote economic growth? Evidence from European countries
Countries | Granger causality test between | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RRD and GDP | HTE and GDP | STJ and GDP | ||||
Short-run | Long-run | Short-run | Long-run | Short-run | Long-run | |
Austria | 3.20**/0.40 | NA/NA | 0.89/0.63 | −3.18**/−0.99 | 1.64/6.54* | −1.53/−2.13 |
Belgium | 13.6*/1.19 | NA/NA | 3.40*/0.48 | NA/NA | 0.32/5.03* | −1.29/−2.85 |
Czech Republic | 5.14*/0.41 | NA/NA | 1.76/0.01 | NA/NA | 1.27/0.43 | NA/NA |
Denmark | 0.46/5.28* | NA/NA | 0.51/0.19 | −1.92/−2.26 | 0.06/21.1* | −1.96/−4.13* |
Finland | 0.07/25.3* | NA/NA | 18.3*/3.73** | −3.46**/−0.32 | 36.8*/0.92 | −6.10/−2.12 |
France | 3.12**/2.12 | −2.35/−1.13 | 3.41*/0.09 | NA/NA | 8.21*/0.44 | −0.66/−5.31* |
Germany | 5.31*/0.18 | NA/NA | 12.2*/3.07** | −5.94*/−1.82 | 0.40/4.06* | −2.65/−1.93 |
Greece | –/– | –/– | 1.33/1.85 | –/– | 8.49*/5.33* | –/– |
Hungary | 7.12*/0.46 | −4.14*/−1.26 | 1.20/19.6* | −2.25/−4.37* | 5.29*/0.97 | NA/NA |
Ireland | 0.99/3.62** | NA/NA | 18.1*/0.26 | NA/NA | 2.02/4.19* | NA/NA |
Italy | 4.43*/0.47 | NA/NA | 2.10/9.59* | −3.64*/−2.07 | 0.02/11.4 | −0.65/−4.68* |
Netherlands | 1.34/6.33* | NA/NA | 7.60*/1.18 | 0.22/−2.65 | 3.51*/5.59* | NA/NA |
Norway | 0.01/5.86* | NA/NA | 0.90/4.97* | −0.16/−3.90* | 2.89**/6.04* | NA/NA |
Poland | 0.75/5.68* | −0.86/−1.90 | 0.67/3.03** | NA/NA | 3.48**/3.05** | NA/NA |
Portugal | 9.83*/1.46 | NA/NA | 1.33/3.53* | NA/NA | 17.9*/3.57** | −4.52*/−1.35 |
Romania | 3.84*/3.74* | −7.97*/1.96 | 0.50/3.66* | −1.26/−3.61** | 3.87*/1.85 | NA/NA |
Spain | 0.15/6.46* | −0.62/−3.14 | 1.04/11.3* | NA/NA | 5.58*/2.05 | −1.15/−4.73* |
Sweden | 1.45/0.15 | NA/NA | 3.26*/0.87 | −3.52**/−0.66 | 8.15*/4.55* | NA/NA |
United Kingdom | 9.47*/2.25 | NA/NA | 25.9*/0.82 | NA/NA | 1.14/9.10* | NA/NA |
European panel | 3.03*/2.95* | −6.15*/−1.23 | 7.95*/4.41* | −6.31*/−1.69 | 2.13/6.88* | −7.09*/−2.56 |