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A Systems View Across Time and Space

Table 3 Trend of innovation (per thousand population) in European countries

From: Does innovation promote economic growth? Evidence from European countries

Countries

RRD

HTE

STJ

P1

P2

P3

P4

P1

P2

P3

P4

P1

P2

P3

P4

Austria

0.29

0.41

0.51

0.45

24.7

49.1

48.7

36.9

0.43

0.57

0.59

0.50

Belgium

0.27

0.30

0.34

0.30

58.0

67.4

87.6

73.2

0.55

0.62

0.68

0.61

Czech Republic

0.12

0.19

0.27

0.19

0.88

2.56

4.79

2.84

0.23

0.30

0.39

0.30

Denmark

0.63

0.89

1.21

0.95

4.24

6.09

5.28

5.01

0.82

0.93

1.01

0.89

Finland

1.17

1.45

1.42

1.37

67.8

70.8

34.3

48.3

0.90

0.95

0.93

0.85

France

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.05

38.1

38.2

49.2

37.9

0.51

0.49

0.49

0.48

Germany

0.04

0.04

0.05

0.04

35.5

54.9

63.9

45.7

0.51

0.53

0.55

0.50

Greece

0.12

0.15

0.20

0.15

4.77

4.78

5.15

4.01

0.26

0.37

0.43

0.29

Hungary

0.11

0.15

0.21

0.16

0.57

0.24

0.64

0.44

0.19

0.24

0.24

0.22

Ireland

0.54

0.64

0.73

0.64

294.8

201.6

134.6

201.2

0.38

0.48

0.64

0.43

Italy

0.02

0.02

0.03

0.02

15.6

16.1

17.4

16.4

0.35

0.42

0.45

0.41

Netherlands

0.16

0.18

0.19

0.18

73.3

102.2

96.2

86.9

0.75

0.81

0.91

0.81

Norway

0.92

1.01

1.12

1.07

1.37

1.51

1.57

1.53

0.69

0.76

0.92

0.85

Poland

0.03

0.04

0.04

0.04

1.04

2.09

5.65

2.98

0.13

0.17

0.19

0.16

Portugal

0.14

0.20

0.41

0.24

8.51

15.5

10.4

11.9

0.14

0.27

0.40

0.26

Romania

0.05

0.04

0.04

0.05

4.70

3.22

6.10

4.59

0.04

0.04

0.07

0.05

Spain

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.05

11.3

10.5

11.8

11.1

0.34

0.41

0.47

0.41

Sweden

0.51

0.61

0.56

0.59

6.51

5.26

4.52

4.98

1.12

1.10

1.02

1.06

United Kingdom

0.04

0.06

0.06

0.06

68.9

60.1

34.7

54.1

0.80

0.76

0.74

0.77

European panel#

0.27

0.33

0.40

0.33

52.2

38.2

34.5

44.1

1.01

0.57

0.62

0.53

  1. RRD is researchers in research and development activities, HTE is high-technology exports, and STJ is scientific and technical journal articles. P1 is 1989–2000, P2 is 2001–2007, P3 is 2008–2014, and P4 is 1989–2014
  2. #The figures are average of all 19 European countries