A Systems View Across Time and Space
From: Does innovation promote economic growth? Evidence from European countries
Countries | Variables | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PAR | PAN | RDE | RRD | HTE | STJ | GDP | |
 | LD/FD | LD/FD | LD/FD | LD/FD | LD/FD | LD/FD | LD/FD |
Austria | 0.14/−5.40* | 1.82/−7.46* | 3.81/−2.39** | −0.67/−3.22* | 1.57/−5.10* | −1.30/−2.64** | −0.74/−5.64* |
Belgium | 0.05/−4.65* | 1.06/−5.89* | 1.81/−2.56** | −0.62/−2.46** | 2.28/−2.96* | −1.32/−10.0* | −0.54/−5.84* |
Czech Republic | −0.23/−2.33** | 0.52/−2.36** | 2.85/−1.89*** | −1.31/−2.73** | −0.43/−2.06*** | −0.69/−4.03* | −0.82/−6.61* |
Denmark | −0.40/−5.90* | 0.62/−6.66* | 1.87/−1.98*** | −0.99/−5.07* | −1.64/−6.91* | −0.34/−4.42* | −0.68/−7.68* |
Finland | 1.02/−4.07* | 0.92/−3.91* | −0.22/−1.65*** | 0.43/−3.33* | −0.49/−3.32* | −1.25/−12.5* | −0.55/−3.49* |
France | −0.31/−5.96* | 0.63/−2.90* | −0.09/−3.52* | 1.02/−5.83* | 1.75/−5.14* | −0.76/−3.74* | −0.74/−5.73* |
Germany | −1.11/−2.44** | −1.21/−3.09* | 3.12/−2.44** | −1.63/−2.28** | 1.99/−3.55* | −0.38/−3.81* | −1.16/−4.60* |
Greece | −1.06/−5.36* | 1.23/−5.27* | –/– | –/– | −1.56/−6.67* | −0.88/−2.39*** | 0.80/−3.63* |
Hungary | 1.63/−2.96* | 0.73/−3.54* | −1.12/−2.84** | −1.79/−5.70* | 1.41/−4.81* | −1.16/−4.44* | −1.40/−4.71* |
Ireland | 1.90/−2.83* | 0.69/−3.75* | 1.43/−1.88*** | −3.93/−1.88*** | −0.62/−2.96* | −0.77/−2.42** | −0.80/−3.12* |
Italy | 0.15/−3.03* | −0.94/−4.40* | 1.46/−2.65** | −1.13/−3.88* | 0.90/−7.60* | −0.29/−2.32** | −0.92/−6.04* |
Netherlands | 0.04/−4.52* | 0.89/−3.21* | 0.43/−2.47** | −1.54/−4.54* | 1.08/−3.96* | −1.91/−2.23** | −0.65/−5.87* |
Norway | 0.17/−6.18* | −0.70/−2.83** | 0.04/−2.47** | 0.10/−2.72** | −0.24/−5.46* | −0.43/−3.54* | −0.23/−5.89* |
Poland | 0.22/−3.34* | 0.47/−3.75* | −0.90/−2.02** | −2.49/−4.00* | −0.95/−2.37** | −0.46/−1.87*** | −0.33/−5.20* |
Portugal | −1.81/−4.83* | 0.71/−3.88* | −1.59/−1.59*** | −3.54/−1.84*** | −2.10/−4.74* | −0.90/−2.88* | −1.10/−5.81* |
Romania | 0.80/−4.88* | 0.47/−4.10* | 0.23/−2.70** | 0.82/−4.02* | −4.62/−2.51** | −1.92/−5.11* | 1.58/−4.88* |
Spain | −0.78/−5.21* | 2.30/−4.59* | −1.67/−2.14** | −2.66/−2.66** | −0.93/−3.69* | −0.54/−2.53** | −0.67/−6.30* |
Sweden | 1.08/−3.28* | 1.53/−5.36* | −1.27/−4.47* | 0.14/−3.80* | −0.74/−4.93* | −1.46/−1.94*** | −2.32/−7.96* |
United Kingdom | 0.90/−2.25** | −0.08/−2.32** | −0.54/−4.16* | −1.11/−2.50** | −0.97/−2.18*** | −1.08/−4.06* | −0.69/−6.84* |
European panel# | 50.5/136.7* | 14.8/129.1* | 23.4/122.7* | 18.0/95.4* | 50.7/144.1* | 113.3/104.1* | 34.2/197.5* |