A Systems View Across Time and Space
From: Does innovation promote economic growth? Evidence from European countries
Countries | Cointegration with GDP | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PAR | PAN | RDE | RRD | HTE | STJ | |
Austria | 14.5*/4.55* | 15.9/* 7.73* | 24.1*/10.2* | 13.7/3.35 | 14.8/0.85 | 18.3*/5.67* |
Belgium | 28.8*/1.95 | 8.97/2.87 | 9.75/0.81 | 13.8/1.26 | 10.2/0.16 | 14.7*/5.74* |
Czech Republic | 9.93/0.07 | 12.3/0.48 | 14.1/2.52 | 13.3/0.57 | 13.9/4.34 | 10.4/0.67 |
Denmark | 9.43/1.55 | 36.6*/7.46* | 23.9*/3.18 | 1.9/1.61 | 20.7*/3.51 | 16.1*/0.83 |
Finland | 13.5/0.11 | 17.1*/5.76* | 18.4*/4.52* | 7.43/0.15 | 17.*/0.15 | 38.2*/14.6* |
France | 18.8*/3.53 | 22.0*/0.97 | 12.3/2.74 | 15.5*/0.20 | 13.9/1.51 | 22.2*/7.72* |
Germany | 16.4*/7.96* | 15.4*/0.81 | 12.2/0.48 | 11.4/0.78 | 17.4*/0.37 | 20.2*/5.09* |
Greece | 9.43/0.01 | 10.9/1.17 | –/– | –/– | 3.99/0.01 | 9.63/2.46 |
Hungary | 11.4/3.60 | 18.96*/2.89 | 9.52/0.01 | 15.0*/0.43 | 13.7/5.46* | 13.7/2.29 |
Ireland | 5.78/0.14 | 10.2/0.18 | 12.0/0.31 | 12.5/0.11 | 10.2/0.78 | 7.45/2.56 |
Italy | –/– | –/– | 13.1/0.19 | 12.3/0.01 | 16.2*/0.74 | 30.9*/8.71* |
Netherlands | 8.80/3.55 | 20.5*/5.00* | 20.3*/2.88 | 11.3/0.01 | 18.4*/5.07* | 15.0*/1.07 |
Norway | 14.7*/3.25 | 13.4/0.04 | 18.3*/3.96* | 20.2*/5.26* | 18.5*/3.40 | 11.7/0.41 |
Poland | 12.2/0.04 | 8.28/0.58 | 12.8/0.01 | 14.2*/0.18 | 10.2/0.30 | 13.9/2.54 |
Portugal | 14.8*/0.46 | 8.83/3.38 | 13.4/1.78 | 10.3/0.03 | 11.5/2.66 | 17.4*/4.45* |
Romania | 10.10/4.31 | 8.50/0.45 | 24.4*/0.01 | 39.9*/9.95* | 17.2*/4.97* | 8.05/0.06 |
Spain | 13.3/1.53 | 10.05/1.61 | 17.0*/3.79 | 20.2*/6.72* | 15.0*/4.55* | 20.3*/4.82* |
Sweden | 15.7*/0.44 | 12.3/0.03 | 8.61/2.36 | 10.9/1.19 | 16.6*/4.56* | 21.8*/5.57* |
United Kingdom | 11.57/0.26 | 17.6*/3.83 | 20.5*/4.77* | 19.9*/7.82* | 14.2*/0.01 | 20.2*/4.87* |
European panel | 107.9*/77.8* | 104.5*/58.6* | 99.56*/79.17* | 108.9*/76.37* | 128.5*/68.73* | 96.1*/64.6* |