A Systems View Across Time and Space
Table 1 Summary of descriptive statistics results
From: Enterprise innovation in developing countries: an evidence from Ethiopia
Variable | Variable description and measurement | Obs | Mean | Std. dev. | Min | Max |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
h1 (new product innovation) | Dummy variable that takes the value one (1) if the enterprise has introduced new product, 0 otherwise. | 1487 | 0.40 | 0.49 | 0 | 1 |
h3 (new method of production innovation) | Dummy variable that takes the value one (1) if the enterprise has introduced new method of production, 0 otherwise. | 1488 | 0.34 | 0.47 | 0 | 1 |
h5 (new organizational structure innovation) | Dummy variable that takes the value one (1) if the enterprise has introduced new organizational structure, 0 otherwise. | 1485 | 0.30 | 0.46 | 0 | 1 |
h6 (new marketing methods innovation) | Dummy variable that takes the value one (1) if the enterprise has introduced new marketing methods, 0 otherwise. | 1488 | 0.34 | 0.47 | 0 | 1 |
a6b (size) | It is a categorical variable that takes the values 0, 1, 2, and 3 if the enterprise is micro, small, medium, and large respectively. It measures the size of the enterprise. | 1492 | 1.71 | 0.82 | 0 | 3 |
a3b (location of the enterprise) | It is a dummy variable that takes the value one (1) if the enterprise is in the capital city, 0 otherwise. | 1492 | 0.62 | 0.49 | 0 | 1 |
Fage (age) | It is the age of the enterprise measured in years. | 1476 | 13.67 | 12.02 | 0 | 89 |
Fagesqr (age square of the enterprise) | It is the age square of the enterprise | 1476 | 331.21 | 753.31 | 0 | 7921 |
b7 (experience of top manager) | It is the years of experience of the top manager measured in years. | 1466 | 14.02 | 9.95 | 0 | 60 |
b7a (gender of top manager) | It is a dummy variable that takes the value one (1) if female, otherwise 0. | 1491 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0 | 1 |
c22b (website ownership) | It a dummy variable that takes value one (1)1 if enterprise owns website, 0 otherwise. | 1485 | 0.38 | 0.49 | 0 | 1 |
d3c (share of direct export) | It is a continuous variable that measures enterprises’ share of export measured in percentage. | 1484 | 4.95 | 19.10 | 0 | 100 |
l9b (education) | It is a continuous variable that measures the percentage of full-time permanent workers who completed secondary school. | 1457 | 68.03 | 29.73 | 0 | 100 |
l10 (formal training) | It is a dummy variable that takes the value one (1) if there is availability of formal training programs for permanent full-time employees, otherwise 0. | 1486 | 0.22 | 0.41 | 0 | 1 |
l1 (permanent workers) | It is a continuous variable that measures the number of permanent full-time workers in the enterprise. | 1467 | 96.31 | 361.73 | 1 | 7600 |
h7 (formal R & D) | It is a dummy variable that takes the value one (1) if the enterprise has spent on formal R & D activities that last 3Â years, otherwise 0. | 1488 | 0.14 | 0.34 | 0 | 1 |