A Systems View Across Time and Space
Table 1 Studies of the relationship between children in the household and self-employment
Authors | Country | Women sample size | Men sample size | Dependent variable | Research design | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arai (2000) | Canada | 11,828 | 13,766 | Self-employment | Cross-sectional population survey | Women (but not men) with children are more likely to be self-employed |
Carr (1996) | USA | 22,403 | 33,099 | Self-employment | Cross-sectional population survey | Women and men with children are more likely to be self-employed |
Connelly (1992) | USA | 8155 | – | Self-employment | Cross-sectional population survey | Having children is positively associated with self-employment |
Cowling and Taylor (2001) | UK | 2506 | 2842 | Self-employment; job creators | Multiple-year population surveys | Having children is positively related to being self-employed and job creators |
Edwards and Field-Hendrey (2002) | USA | 56,183 | – | Home-based self-employment; on-site self-employment | Cross-sectional population survey | Home-based workers are more likely to be self-employed |
Joona (2017) | Sweden | 2,924,790 | – | Self-employment | Panel data from register | Women with young children are more likely to be self-employed |
Kuhn and Schuetze (2001) | Canada | 1982–1989, 118000; 1990–1998, 188000 | 1982–1989, 104000; 1990–1998, 169000 | Entry into and exit from self-employment | Multiple-year population surveys | Increase in female self-employment due to increase in retention rate |
Lombard (2001) | USA | 220,091 | Self-employment | Multiple-year population surveys | Women with small children are more likely to become self-employed | |
USA, Germany | USA, 21,563; Germany, 24,607 | USA, 28,407; Germany, 22,131 | Self-employment | Multiple-year population surveys | Women with children in both countries were more likely to become self-employed | |
Noseleit (2014) | Europe | 7688 | – | Self-employment | Cross-sectional and multiple-year population surveys | Women with more than two children are more likely to become self-employed. Causality checked. |
Rodriguez et al. (2009) | USA | Approx. 3000 | Approx. 3000 | Self-employment | Cross-sectional population survey | Household heads with children are more likely to be self-employed |
Rønsen (2014) | Norway | 8616 | – | Self-employment | Cross-sectional population survey | Women with children are more likely to be self-employed |
Wellington (2006) | USA | 1977, 9246; 1988, 10,702; 1999, 7417 | – | Self-employment | Cross-sectional and multiple-year population surveys | Women with small children in all years are more likely to be self-employed. |