A Systems View Across Time and Space
Table 2 Unit root test results
From: Agricultural sector foreign direct investment and economic growth in Ghana
Variablesa | ADF | PPP | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Level | First difference | Level | First difference | |
Gross domestic product (GDP) | 4.129 | − 3.616** | 3.523 | − 3.658** |
Foreign direct investment-Agric (FDIA) | 4.059 | − 4.553*** | 5.980 | − 4.899*** |
Foreign direct investment-gross (FDIG) | 2.556 | − 3.454** | 2.220 | − 3.352** |
Government expenditure | − 0.841 | − 4.281*** | − 1.120 | − 4.154*** |
Capital stock | − 1.096 | − 6.580*** | − 1.059 | − 6.638*** |
Trade openness | − 0.850 | − 4.101*** | − 1.075 | − 3.937*** |