Skip to main content
Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship

A Systems View Across Time and Space

Table 4 Baseline model, employment growth and innovation

From: Innovation and employment growth: evidence from manufacturing firms in Africa

 

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

 

Employment growth

Employment growth

Employment growth

Employment growth

Employment growth

Employment growth

Innov (0 = no innovation)

 (= Process/Product)

− 0.006

  

0.0001

  

(0.0160)

  

(0.0168)

  

 2 (= Process × Product)

0.04*

  

0.06***

  

(0.0156)

  

(0.0166)

  

Process (1 = yes)

 

0.01

  

0.03*

 
 

(0.0140)

  

(0.0148)

 

Product (1 = yes)

  

0.04***

  

0.05***

  

(0.0125)

  

(0.0132)

SalesG

0.04***

0.04***

0.04***

0.04***

0.04***

0.04***

(0.0106)

(0.0108)

(0.0107)

(0.0114)

(0.0115)

(0.0114)

Productivity

− 0.03***

− 0.03***

− 0.03***

− 0.03***

− 0.03***

− 0.03***

(0.00439)

(0.00440)

(0.00438)

(0.00455)

(0.00456)

(0.00453)

Retained

0.002

0.002

0.001

0.004

0.006

0.003

(0.0192)

(0.0194)

(0.0192)

(0.0200)

(0.0202)

(0.0200)

Size

 Medium

0.09***

0.09***

0.09***

0.08***

0.09***

0.08***

(0.0145)

(0.0147)

(0.0145)

(0.0151)

(0.0152)

(0.0151)

 Large

0.1***

0.1***

0.1***

0.1***

0.1***

0.1***

(0.0194)

(0.0195)

(0.0195)

(0.0202)

(0.0202)

(0.0202)

lnAge

− 0.04***

− 0.04***

− 0.04***

− 0.04***

− 0.05***

− 0.05***

(0.00881)

(0.00882)

(0.00877)

(0.00910)

(0.00910)

(0.00905)

lnMexperience

0.009

0.007

0.009

0.009

0.007

0.009

(0.00935)

(0.00922)

(0.00913)

(0.00980)

(0.00965)

(0.00955)

Foreign (1 = yes)

0.002

− 0.0004

0.001

− 0.005

− 0.009

− 0.005

(0.0162)

(0.0163)

(0.0161)

(0.0170)

(0.0170)

(0.0169)

Government (1 = yes)

0.06

0.06

0.07+

0.07+

0.07+

0.08*

(0.0386)

(0.0393)

(0.0380)

(0.0403)

(0.0408)

(0.0395)

Millioncity (1 = yes)

− 0.005

− 0.005

− 0.006

− 0.01

− 0.01

− 0.01

(0.0133)

(0.0134)

(0.0133)

(0.0137)

(0.0137)

(0.0136)

Exporting (1 = yes)

− 0.008

− 0.005

− 0.009

− 0.02

− 0.01

− 0.02

(0.0150)

(0.0151)

(0.0150)

(0.0156)

(0.0157)

(0.0156)

Electricity (1 = yes)

   

− 0.03+

− 0.02

− 0.03+

   

(0.0155)

(0.0154)

(0.0154)

Bureaucracy

   

− 0.0006*

− 0.0006*

− 0.0006*

   

(0.000277)

(0.000278)

(0.000276)

Bribe

   

0.0008

0.0007

0.0007

   

(0.000974)

(0.000972)

(0.000963)

Competition (1 = yes)

   

− 0.01

− 0.01

− 0.01

Country fixed effects

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

ISIC fixed effects

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

   

(0.0129)

(0.0129)

(0.0128)

Constant

0.4***

0.4***

0.4***

0.4***

0.4***

0.4***

(0.0511)

(0.0512)

(0.0507)

(0.0549)

(0.0551)

(0.0547)

N

5822

5762

5798

5389

5337

5370

R 2

0.062

0.060

0.062

0.066

0.063

0.067

Adj. R2

0.053

0.051

0.053

0.055

0.053

0.056

  1. Note: (1) All models are pooled OLS with standard errors adjusted for clusters using unique firm identifiers. (2) Standard errors in parentheses. (3) Significance levels: +p < 0.10, *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001
  2. Source: Authors’ own computation based on WBES, 2018
Back to article page