Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship

A Systems View Across Time and Space

Table 5 Interaction between innovation and firm age

From: Innovation and employment growth: evidence from manufacturing firms in Africa

	(1)	(2)	(3)
	Employment growth	Employment growth	Employment growth
Innov (0 = no innovation)
1 (= Process/Product)	− 0.03
1 (= Process/Product)	(0.0267)
2 (= Process × Product)	0.001
2 (= Process × Product)	(0.0247)
Process (1 = yes)		− 0.02
Process (1 = yes)		(0.0218)
Product (1 = yes)			0.02
Product (1 = yes)			(0.0209)
Young (1 = yes)	− 0.02	− 0.01	0.002
Young (1 = yes)	(0.0412)	(0.0386)	(0.0351)
Older (1 = yes)	− 0.10***	− 0.09***	− 0.08***
Older (1 = yes)	(0.0202)	(0.0189)	(0.0176)
Innovation × Young
1	0.03
1	(0.0647)
2	0.1⁺
2	(0.0593)
Innovation × Older
1	0.05
1	(0.0330)
2	0.07*
2	(0.0296)
Process × Young		0.08
Process × Young		(0.0519)
Process × Older		0.07**
Process × Older		(0.0259)
Product × Young			0.07
Product × Young			(0.0521)
Product × Older			0.05⁺
Product × Older			(0.0259)
Country fixed effects	Yes	Yes	Yes
ISIC fixed effects	Yes	Yes	Yes
Constant	0.5***	0.5***	0.5***
Constant	(0.0587)	(0.0589)	(0.0585)
N	5168	5117	5146
R ²	0.072	0.069	0.071
Adj. R²	0.060	0.057	0.060

Note: (1) All models are pooled OLS with standard errors adjusted for clusters using unique firm identifiers. (2) Standard errors in parentheses. (3) Significance levels: ⁺p < 0.10, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. (3) All models control for firm-specific and business environment characteristics
Source: Authors’ own computation based on WBES, 2018

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