A Systems View Across Time and Space
From: Innovation and employment growth: evidence from manufacturing firms in Africa
 | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Employment growth | Employment growth | Employment growth | Employment growth | |
Process (1 = yes) | 0.03 |  | − 0.0001 |  |
(0.0627) | Â | (0.0659) | Â | |
Product (1 = yes) |  | 0.03 |  | 0.002 |
 | (0.0574) |  | (0.0601) | |
SalesG | 0.04*** | 0.04*** | 0.04*** | 0.04*** |
(0.0107) | (0.0106) | (0.0114) | (0.0113) | |
Productivity | − 0.03*** | − 0.03*** | − 0.03*** | − 0.03*** |
(0.00453) | (0.00449) | (0.00475) | (0.00468) | |
Retained | 0.003 | 0.0005 | 0.004 | 0.001 |
(0.0196) | (0.0192) | (0.0202) | (0.0200) | |
Size (small) | ||||
 Medium | 0.09*** | 0.09*** | 0.09*** | 0.08*** |
(0.0153) | (0.0150) | (0.0160) | (0.0156) | |
 Large | 0.1*** | 0.1*** | 0.1*** | 0.1*** |
(0.0205) | (0.0204) | (0.0214) | (0.0210) | |
lnAge | − 0.04*** | − 0.04*** | − 0.05*** | − 0.05*** |
(0.00880) | (0.00877) | (0.00908) | (0.00906) | |
lnMexperience | 0.007 | 0.008 | 0.007 | 0.008 |
(0.00918) | (0.00911) | (0.00961) | (0.00954) | |
Foreign (1 = yes) | − 0.001 | − 0.001 | − 0.008 | − 0.008 |
(0.0162) | (0.0161) | (0.0170) | (0.0169) | |
Government (1 = yes) | 0.06 | 0.07+ | 0.07+ | 0.07+ |
(0.0383) | (0.0380) | (0.0397) | (0.0395) | |
Millioncity (1 = yes) | − 0.006 | − 0.005 | − 0.01 | − 0.01 |
(0.0133) | (0.0132) | (0.0137) | (0.0137) | |
Exporting (1 = yes) | − 0.005 | − 0.004 | − 0.009 | − 0.009 |
(0.0160) | (0.0160) | (0.0166) | (0.0167) | |
Electricity (1 = yes) |  |  | − 0.02 | − 0.02 |
 |  | (0.0162) | (0.0164) | |
Bureaucracy |  |  | − 0.0006* | − 0.0005* |
 |  | (0.000287) | (0.000280) | |
Bribe | Â | Â | 0.0007 | 0.0007 |
 |  | (0.000959) | (0.000956) | |
Competition |  |  | − 0.008 | − 0.010 |
 |  | (0.0137) | (0.0141) | |
Country fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
ISIC fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Constant | 0.4*** | 0.4*** | 0.4*** | 0.5*** |
(0.0538) | (0.0520) | (0.0555) | (0.0549) | |
N | 5735 | 5764 | 5313 | 5342 |
R 2 | 0.059 | 0.061 | 0.062 | 0.063 |
Adj. R2 | 0.050 | 0.052 | 0.051 | 0.052 |
Prob > F (First stage) | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
Durbin (score) chi(2) | 0.8313 | 0.7520 | 0.6591 | 0.4036 |
Wu-Hausman | 0.8322 | 0.7532 | 0.6610 | 0.4064 |