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A Systems View Across Time and Space

Table 8 Instrumental variables (2SLS) regressions

From: Innovation and employment growth: evidence from manufacturing firms in Africa

 

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

Employment growth

Employment growth

Employment growth

Employment growth

Process (1 = yes)

0.03

 

− 0.0001

 

(0.0627)

 

(0.0659)

 

Product (1 = yes)

 

0.03

 

0.002

 

(0.0574)

 

(0.0601)

SalesG

0.04***

0.04***

0.04***

0.04***

(0.0107)

(0.0106)

(0.0114)

(0.0113)

Productivity

− 0.03***

− 0.03***

− 0.03***

− 0.03***

(0.00453)

(0.00449)

(0.00475)

(0.00468)

Retained

0.003

0.0005

0.004

0.001

(0.0196)

(0.0192)

(0.0202)

(0.0200)

Size (small)

 Medium

0.09***

0.09***

0.09***

0.08***

(0.0153)

(0.0150)

(0.0160)

(0.0156)

 Large

0.1***

0.1***

0.1***

0.1***

(0.0205)

(0.0204)

(0.0214)

(0.0210)

lnAge

− 0.04***

− 0.04***

− 0.05***

− 0.05***

(0.00880)

(0.00877)

(0.00908)

(0.00906)

lnMexperience

0.007

0.008

0.007

0.008

(0.00918)

(0.00911)

(0.00961)

(0.00954)

Foreign (1 = yes)

− 0.001

− 0.001

− 0.008

− 0.008

(0.0162)

(0.0161)

(0.0170)

(0.0169)

Government (1 = yes)

0.06

0.07+

0.07+

0.07+

(0.0383)

(0.0380)

(0.0397)

(0.0395)

Millioncity (1 = yes)

− 0.006

− 0.005

− 0.01

− 0.01

(0.0133)

(0.0132)

(0.0137)

(0.0137)

Exporting (1 = yes)

− 0.005

− 0.004

− 0.009

− 0.009

(0.0160)

(0.0160)

(0.0166)

(0.0167)

Electricity (1 = yes)

  

− 0.02

− 0.02

  

(0.0162)

(0.0164)

Bureaucracy

  

− 0.0006*

− 0.0005*

  

(0.000287)

(0.000280)

Bribe

  

0.0007

0.0007

  

(0.000959)

(0.000956)

Competition

  

− 0.008

− 0.010

  

(0.0137)

(0.0141)

Country fixed effects

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

ISIC fixed effects

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Constant

0.4***

0.4***

0.4***

0.5***

(0.0538)

(0.0520)

(0.0555)

(0.0549)

N

5735

5764

5313

5342

R 2

0.059

0.061

0.062

0.063

Adj. R2

0.050

0.052

0.051

0.052

Prob > F (First stage)

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

Durbin (score) chi(2)

0.8313

0.7520

0.6591

0.4036

Wu-Hausman

0.8322

0.7532

0.6610

0.4064

  1. Note: (1) All models are estimated with standard errors adjusted for clusters using unique firm identifiers. (2) Standard errors in parentheses. (3) Significance levels: +p < 0.10, *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001
  2. Source: Authors’ own computation based on WBES, 2018