A Systems View Across Time and Space
Method | Null hypothesis | Test statistics with intercept (prob.) | Test statistics with intercept & trend (prob.) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R&D | Patent | PCGDPGrth | R&D | Patent | PCGDPGrth | ||
Levin, Lin and Chu | Unit root (under common unit root process) | − 4.845 (0.00) | − 4.235 (0.00) | − 14.94 (0.00) | − 4.433 (0.00) | − 4.40 (0.00) | − 13.82 (0.00) |
Bruitang t test | Unit root (under common unit root process) | - | - | - | − 4.35 (0.00) | − 4.58 (0.00) | − 10.92 (0.00) |
Im, Pesaran and Shin | Unit root (under individual unit root process) | − 4.81 (0.00) | − 4.279 (0.00) | − 13.50 (0.00) | − 3.811 (0.00) | − 3.90 (0.00) | − 12.35 (0.00) |
MW-ADF–Fisher chi-square | Unit root (under individual unit root process) | 74.39 (0.00) | 70.256 (0.00) | 198.92 (0.00) | 60.245 (0.00) | 62.31 (0.00) | 164.24 (0.00) |
MW-PP– Fisher chi-square | Unit root (under individual unit root process) | 150.02 (0.00) | 105.80 (0.00) | 1051.12 (0.00) | 158.86 (0.00) | 95.97 (0.00) | 965.24 (0.00) |