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Attitude
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Instrumental attitude
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1. Being an entrepreneur implies more advantages than disadvantages to me.
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Liñán and Chen (2009)
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2. Entrepreneurship would present more up than downsides.
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Maes et al. (2014)
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Affective attitude
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3. A career as entrepreneur is (totally) attractive for me.
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Liñán and Chen (2009)
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4. If I had the opportunity and resources, I would love to start a firm (business).
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5. Being an entrepreneur would entail great satisfactions for me.
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Perceived behavioral control
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Perceived difficulty
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1. Starting a firm and keeping it viable would be easy for me.
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Guerrero et al. (2009)
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2. If I wanted to, I could easily pursue a career as entrepreneur.
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Kolvereid (1996b)
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Perceived confidence
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3. If I tried to start a business, I would have a high chance of being successful.
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Guerrero et al. (2009)
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4. I have skills and capabilities to succeed as an entrepreneur.
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Grundstén (2004); Autio et al. (2001)
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5. I am confident that I would succeed if I started my own firm.
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6. I am certain that I can start a firm and keeping it viable.
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Self-constructed
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Perceived controllability
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7. I can control the creation process of a new firm.
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Liñán and Chen (2009)
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8. The number of events outside my control which could prevent me from being an entrepreneur are very few.
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Kolvereid (1996b)
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9. As entrepreneur, I would have complete control over the situation.
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Intention
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Choice intention
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1. I would rather own my own business than earn a higher salary employed by someone else.
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Kolvereid and Isaksen (2006)
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2. I would rather own my own business than pursue another promising career.
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3. I am willing to make significant personal sacrifices in order to stay in business.
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4. I would work somewhere else only long enough to make another attempt to establish my business.
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Commitment to an entrepreneurial career
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5. My professional goal is to become an entrepreneur.
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Liñán and Chen (2009)
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6. I will make every effort to start and run my own firm (business).
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7. I am determined to create a firm (business venture) in the future.
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8. I have very seriously thought of starting a firm.
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9. I consider it to be very likely that in the future I will be running my own firm.
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van Gelderen et al. (2008)
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10. I plan to launch my own business someday.
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Thompson (2009)
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Nascent entrepreneurship
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11. I read books on how to set up a firm.
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Thompson (2009)
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12. I spend time learning about starting a firm.
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13. I attend seminars and conferences that focus on a “start your own business planning.”
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McGee et al. (2009)
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14. I participate in seminars that focus on writing a business plan.
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