Attitude toward entrepreneurship, perceived behavioral control, and entrepreneurial intention: dimensionality, structural relationships, and gender differences

Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship

A Systems View Across Time and Space

Table 2 Standardized β coefficients reported in the literature from the components of attitude and PBC to entrepreneurial intention

Study	N	AA → I	IA → I	PSE → I	PC → I
Goethner et al. (2009)	496	0.18 to 0.32	0.05 to 0.06
Farkas and Gubik (2013)	5677			0.94	0.37
Botsaris and Vamvaka (2016)	227	0.63	0.27
Tognazzo et al. (2017)	1589			0.15 to 0.18	0.04 to 0.05

N sample size, AA affective attitude, IA instrumental attitude, PSE perceived self-efficacy, PC perceived controllability, I intention. In the study of Farkas and Gubik (2013), the construct used to represent controllability was locus of control, while some of the items assessing self-efficacy were actually measuring entrepreneurial self-efficacy. “→” denotes standardized β coefficient