A Systems View Across Time and Space
Table 1 Descriptive statistics
From: The impact of Greenfield investment on domestic entrepreneurship
Name | Mean | Sd | Min | Max | Description | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gdpgrowth | 3.82 | 5.17 | − 62.1 | 123.1 | GDP growth rate is expected to have positive influence on either opportunity-based or necessity-based entrepreneurship | UNCTAD |
Gdpcapita | 8.46 | 1.54 | 4.72 | 12.15 | GDP per capita, transformed in natural log. Literature suggests the impact is positive on the opportunity entrepreneurship and negative on necessity entrepreneurship | UNCTAD |
lngreen | 6.81 | 2.65 | −1.61 | 12.41 | Greenfield inward investment represents the stock volume expressed in current US dollars, transformed in natural log. Our analysis argues that it will have negative impact on the total entrepreneurial activity | UNCTAD |
fof | 34.13 | 9.24 | 12.3 | 75.4 | Fear of failure rate. Percentage of the 18-64 population who agree that they see good opportunities but would not start a business for fear it might fail. | GEM |
ei | 18.73 | 15.3 | 0 | 90.95 | Entrepreneurial intentions. Percentage of 18-64 population (individuals involved in any stage of entrepreneurial activity excluded) who are latent entrepreneurs and who intend to start a business within 3 years | GEM |
Opportunity | 7.9 | 5.35 | 0.81 | 31.89 | Opportunity-driven entrepreneurship is the percentage of those involved in total early-stage entrepreneurial activity because they spot an opportunity in the market | GEM |
Necessity | 2.96 | 2.93 | 0.09 | 19.55 | Necessity-driven entrepreneurship is the percentage of those involved in total early-stage entrepreneurial activity who have no other viable options for licit income | GEM |
Tea | 11.45 | 7.66 | 1.48 | 52.11 | Total early-stage entrepreneurship is the percentage of 18-64 population who are either a nascent entrepreneur or owner-manager of a new business | GEM |