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A Systems View Across Time and Space

Table 2 Kazakhstan’s GDP values and Global Innovation Index ranks for 2012–2020.

From: Innovation processes in Kazakhstan: development factors

Year

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

GDP, billion dollars

208

236.64

221.42

184.39

137.29

166.81

179.34

181.67

165.73

Rank

104

84

79

78

82

83

81

79

77