Table 2 Kazakhstan’s GDP values and Global Innovation Index ranks for 2012–2020.
From: Innovation processes in Kazakhstan: development factors
| Year | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GDP, billion dollars | 208 | 236.64 | 221.42 | 184.39 | 137.29 | 166.81 | 179.34 | 181.67 | 165.73 |
| Rank | 104 | 84 | 79 | 78 | 82 | 83 | 81 | 79 | 77 |