A Systems View Across Time and Space
Table 1 Questions and affirmations used in the analysis
Question or affirmation | Theoretical basis | Examples of previous uses | Measurement |
|---|---|---|---|
Nascent entrepreneur: Are you, alone or with others, now trying to start a new independent firm? | Global Entrepreneurship Monitor’s definition of emerging entrepreneur (Bosma & Kelley, 2018) | Delmar and Davidsson (2000). Davidsson and Honig (2003). Carter et al. (2003). Hoogendoorn (2016) | Dummy Dichotomous: yes or no |
Do you know anyone who started a business in the last two years? | Allows measurement of the social relationship of a person with other entrepreneurs, which facilitates recognition of opportunities | Ramos-Rodriguez et al. (2010), Minniti (2010), Wyrwich et al. (2016), Shim and Kim (2018) | Dummy Dichotomous: yes or no |
Do you have the knowledge, skills, and experience needed to start a new business? | Consistent with definitions of self-concept (Gecas, 1982) and self-efficacy (Bandura, 1989) | De Clercq and Arenius (2006), Levie et al. (2009) | Dummy Dichotomous: yes or no |
In your country, most people consider starting a new business to be a desirable career | Description of social norm obtained by observing the actions of others (Manning, 2009) | Dummy Dichotomous: yes or no | |
In your country, people who start a successful business receive a high level of status and respect | Description of social norm obtained by observing the actions of others (Manning, 2009) | Dummy Dichotomous: yes or no | |
In your country, you often see stories in the media or on the Internet about successful entrepreneurs | Description of social norm obtained by observing the actions of others (Manning, 2009) | Hindle and Klyver (2007) Akola (2008) | Dummy Dichotomous: yes or no |