A Systems View Across Time and Space
Table 3 Novel hybrid models and methodologies in literature
Paper title (author, year) | Approaches/models covered | Summary | Testing/validation |
|---|---|---|---|
Design Thinking vs. Lean Startup: a comparison of two user-driven innovation strategies (Müller & Thoring, 2012) | Design Thinking, Lean Startup | Based on 1) published literature and case studies, and 2) process models for the two different processes Improve DT by implementing feedback testing and iteration (LS pivot) earlier in the process, before prototype); implement quantitative methods from LS; develop BM in addition to prototype Improve LS by introducing qualitative methods from DT (e.g. ethnographic); adopt DT synthesis methods; adopt DT use of personas "Lean Design Thinking": DT understand, observe, point of view, ideation + DT prototyping merged with LS customer discovery + LS customer validation + testing after each step (incl. both qualitative and quantitative methods) | Conceptual only. Not tested |
Bridging sustainable business model innovation and user-driven innovation a process for sustainable value proposition design (Baldassarre et al., 2017) | Sustainable business model innovation, User-driven innovation (incl. DT and LS) | "Sustainable Value Proposition Design": Iterative process with roots in LS and DT (Talking, Thinking, Testing) to design environmentally sustainable value propositions | Implemented in a design project to develop a value proposition to trigger energy saving behaviour in commercial office buildings |
The best of three worlds—the creation of Innodev a software development approach that integrates Design Thinking, Scrum and Lean Startup (Dobrigkeit & De Paula, 2017) | Design Thinking, Scrum, Lean Startup | "InnoDev": a three-phase software development process combining elements from Design Thinking, Scrum and Lean Start-Up | Conceptual model only. Not tested |
A process model integrated to innovation management tools to support technology entrepreneurship (Souza et al., 2018) | Lean Startup, Scrum | "P-Start": "a seven-step process model integrated to innovation management tools to support entrepreneurs in the context of startup creation and development" | Tested over 27 months with three startups |
Software project management combining agile, Lean Startup And Design Thinking (Ximenes et al., 2015) | Agile, Lean Startup, Design Thinking | "Converge": Agile software development of MVP developed in LS BM. Challenges, referred to as "knots", addressed using DT techniques | 8-week project within team of undergraduate students |
Skip the silver bullet: driving innovation through small bets and diverse practices (Grossman-Kahn & Rosensweig, 2012) | Design Thinking, Lean Startup, Agile | “Discovery by Design™” model for innovation—a system developed by the Nordstrom Innovation Lab to integrate multiple approaches of innovation: DT to provide a roadmap to creative and human-centred solutions. LS to focus on building the right thing for the customers and to give a framework for delivering validated learning. Agile & Lean to optimise the process and enable to move quickly | Tested by Nordstrom Innovation Lab to develop and experiment with ideas within the Nordstrom retail business |
Agile innovation the complementarity of Design Thinking And Lean Startup (Lichtenthaler, 2020) | Agile, Design Thinking, Lean Startup | Discussion of use of Agile, DT and LS but no attempt to combine into single model | No novel model presented. Examination of complementarity between approaches only |
The coexistence of Design Thinking and stage-and-gate in the same organisational context: challenges and need for integration (Franchini et al., 2017) | Design Thinking, stage-and-gate | A single case study of a food company where DT and stage-and-gate methods co-exist | No novel model presented. Case study of coexistence |