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A Systems View Across Time and Space

Table 1 Summary of the results

From: Good farm practices and improved processing technology of enset for sustainable hunger solution in Ethiopia

Main finding

Authors

Enset yield

 Enset provides about 50.3 kg (involving 27 kg Kocho, 23 kg amicho, and 1 kg bulla) per plant per annum

Borrell et al. (2019)

 Eatable dry weight and energy of enset, by far exceeds any crops produced in the country

Tsegayei and Struik (2001)

 Enset provides up to 4000 cal or 20 folds of calories generated by cereal per square meter per year

Christensen Fund (2014)

Inputs-cost advantages of enset production

 Enset needs a little cost of production (about $50) when compared to different crops

Christensen Fund (2014)

 It offers food security with little cost

Berhane et al. (2011), Christensen Fund (2014)

Good farm practices

 Enset corm multiplication requires 2–3-year-old mother plant with a 10–35 cm corm diameter, the pseudostem cut at 10–30 cm above the ground, and half corm pieces for optimum growth, and yield

Bezuneh and Feleke (1996), Diro et al. (1999), Yemataw et al. (2014)

 From January to June is the suitable period of planting corms for good establishment and successive growth of suckers

Yemataw et al. (2018a, 2018b)

 With a final of 4 m2 spacing is appropriate for optimum vegetative growth, and yield

Yemataw et al. (2018a, 2018b)

 Direct transplanting is recommended for early yield, but recurrent transplanting will result in a higher yield per plant

Tsegaye and Struik (2000)

 Once equilibrium (planting equals to harvesting) has been attained, annual yields will be higher for twice transplanting related to once transplanted

Blomme et al. (2018), Borrell et al. (2020), Tsegaye (2007)

 The optimal moment to harvest is at inflorescence emergence for highest dry matter yield

Borrell et al. (2020), Tsegaye and Struik (2000)

 5–10 kg of farmyard manure application per plant per year leads to better vegetative growth and yield with an early maturity time of about 2 years

Yemataw et al. (2018a, 2018b)

High yielding and early maturing enset’s varieties

 The early maturing varieties complete their full maturation period within 3–4 years, and these involve, Yanbule, Gewada, and Endale

Yemataw et al. (2018a, 2018b)

 The late maturing varieties needs 4–5 year maturation, and these include, Kelisa, Zerita, and Mesena

Yemataw et al. (2018a, 2018b)

 The high-yielding varieties of enset for kocho production provides up to sevenfolds of kocho when compared to national average yield per hectare per year

Hiebsch (1996), Yemataw et al. (2018a, 2018b)

 Chohot, Ashakit, Bose, and Gazner are superior corm yield varieties and provides 20 to 23 tons of corm per ha per year

Yemataw et al. (2016a, 2018a, 2018b)

Enset protection

 Among all, bacterial wilt (EBW), caused by Xanthomonas ampestris pv. musacearum (Xcm) is the most destructive diseases happening in all enset growing areas. of Ethiopia

Haile et al. (2020), Wolde et al. (2016)

 Gudiro, Maziya, and Nobo enset were found to be a tolerant reaction to EBW, whereas clones Arkia, Ataro, Yeko, Chikaro, and Ogisso were the most susceptible enset clones

Haile et al. (2020)

 EBW can be prevented by disinfecting enset-cutting tools, preventing animals from browsing and removal of infected plants, and use of disease-free suckers for propagation

Borrell et al. (2019)

Improved technologies

 Enset App (mobile based application) has a potential to advance enset farm management advice through delivering information on best farm practices, crop protection, landraces optimally matched to local climates

Wilkin (2021)

 The improved enset scraper, and squeezer cut down women’s workload, and modified labor division trends, and enhanced income for processed enset

Tiruneh (2020)

 The enset fermenting box technology reduced the duration of fermentation and women’s workload, and improved the quality of fermented enset

Tefera et al. (2019)

Enset foods for nutritional food security improvement

 The types of traditional food products resulting from enset are reported to exceed 20

Workneh and Satheesh (2019)

 Enset is rich in carbohydrates and improves the food security for an estimated 20 million people

Borrell et al. (2020), Jacobsen et al. (2018)

 Among the common foods items resulting from enset, kocho and bulla are superior energy sources and Kocho provides 400 kcal/100 g energy

Bosha et al. (2016)

 Bulla and amicho provide about 395 kcal/100 g and 333 kcal/100 g energy, respectively

Daba and Shigeta (2016), Workneh and Satheesh (2019)

 Kocho and amicho are populous for cholesterol regulation

Workneh and Satheesh (2019)

 An enset-based diet contributes to a pregnant woman’s and infant’s nutritional improvements through minimizing the risk of vitamin B-12 deficit

Gibson et al. (2008)

 Given the conducive adaptability of enset to different agro-ecologies, it has the potential to expand elsewhere in Southern and East Africa and guarantee smallholders’ food security

Borrell et al. (2020)

Enset for environmental sustainability

 Enset production is considered as best suited to environmental sustainability and agroforestry systems, since it grows friendly with coffee, vegetables, fruits, root and tuber crops, cereals and different types of trees, and maintains soils without any chemical application and zero tillage

Abebe (2018)

 It is possibly vital as a climate-smart crop for the future because of its apparent capability to endure long periods (more than 5 years) of drought

Wilkin (2021)

 Enset has the potential to support many other LMICs in Africa and can help challenge of the SDGs

Wilkin (2021)

Alternative benefits of enset

 Enset is an imperative animal fodder particularly during dry seasons due to its high-water content, and its leaves contains 13% protein (the highest protein concentration fodder existing in Ethiopia), 20% crude fiber, and 10% sugar

Mohammed et al. (2013)

 Some enset landraces, such as sweetie and tayo, are largely used for curative for a person suffering from bone-related problems

Daba and Shigeta (2016), Tsehaye and Kebebew (2006)

 Bulla is consumed by a mother who is born baby for strengthening and immediate return to normal health

Daba and Shigeta (2016)

 The starch from enset has a crucial function in numerous industrial processes, such as food, pharmaceuticals, cloth, paper, and adhesives products

Gebre-Mariam (2016)

 The high-quality fiber of enset can be used for the production of specialty papers, such as currency notes, and tea bags, that require durable fibers

Gessesse (2016)

 Fiber obtained from the pseudostem and leaves, is used to make sacks, ropes, sieves, and mats

Borrell et al. (2020)

 The leaf sheath, petioles, and midrib of enset are used for mulching, compost preparation, packaging, fire fuel, houses, and fencing construction

Borrell et al. (2020)