A Systems View Across Time and Space
From: Linking regional autonomy–embeddedness value orientation and innovation
Factor | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cultural factors at the regional level | |||||
Mastery–harmony | − 0.373 (0.252) | − 0.448 (0.264) | − 0.475 (0.299) | ||
Autonomy–embeddedness | 0.881*** (0.209) | 0.639** (0.257) | 0.874*** (0.182) | ||
Egalitarianism–hierarchy | − 0.237 (0.24) | − 0.47 (0.354) | − 0.62 (0.383) | ||
(Egalitarianism–hierarchy)2 | − 0.31* (0.158) | ||||
Cultural factors at the country level | |||||
Mastery–harmony | − 0.023 (0.277) | − 0.078 (0.301) | |||
Autonomy–embeddedness | 0.769*** (0.242) | 0.776*** (0.223) | |||
Egalitarianism–hierarchy | 0.283 (0.237) | 0.209 (0.268) | |||
(Egalitarianism–hierarchy)2 | − 0.119 (0.111) | ||||
Country-level predictors | |||||
R&D spending | < 0.001 (< 0.001) | < 0.001 (< 0.001) | < 0.001 (< 0.001) | < 0.001 (< 0.001) | < 0.001 (< 0.001) |
Country means | |||||
Log GDP per capita | 0.677 (0.549) | ||||
Tertiary education | − 0.106 (0.254) | ||||
Region-level predictors | |||||
Log GDP per capita (t − 1) | 0.492** (0.166) | 0.476** (0.165) | 0.489** (0.166) | 0.5** (0.164) | 0.499** (0.164) |
Tertiary education | − 0.018 (0.041) | − 0.016 (0.042) | − 0.018 (0.041) | − 0.015 (0.041) | − 0.015 (0.041) |
Intercept | 1.477 (1.477) | − 4.822 (5.127) | 1.653 (1.713) | 1.139 (1.591) | 1.241 (1.625) |
Observations | 1071 | 1071 | 1071 | 1071 | 1071 |
σ2c | 0.418 (0.328) | 0.35 (0.294) | 0.44 (0.321) | 0.299 (0.265) | 0.28 (0.264) |
σ2r | 0.967 (0.305) | 0.964 (0.293) | 0.916 (0.287) | 1.11 (0.273) | 1.113 (0.274) |
σ2res | 0.069 (0.016) | 0.069 (0.016) | 0.069 (0.016) | 0.069 (0.016) | 0.069 (0.016) |
AIC | 669.456 | 670.843 | 668.266 | 675.509 | 677.079 |