Skip to main content

A Systems View Across Time and Space

Table 5 Multilevel regressions on the regional-level patenting applications

From: Linking regional autonomy–embeddedness value orientation and innovation

Factor

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

Cultural factors at the regional level

 Mastery–harmony

− 0.373 (0.252)

− 0.448 (0.264)

− 0.475 (0.299)

  

 Autonomy–embeddedness

0.881*** (0.209)

0.639** (0.257)

0.874*** (0.182)

  

 Egalitarianism–hierarchy

− 0.237 (0.24)

− 0.47 (0.354)

− 0.62 (0.383)

  

 (Egalitarianism–hierarchy)2

  

− 0.31* (0.158)

  

Cultural factors at the country level

 Mastery–harmony

   

− 0.023 (0.277)

− 0.078 (0.301)

 Autonomy–embeddedness

   

0.769*** (0.242)

0.776*** (0.223)

 Egalitarianism–hierarchy

   

0.283 (0.237)

0.209 (0.268)

 (Egalitarianism–hierarchy)2

    

− 0.119 (0.111)

Country-level predictors

 R&D spending

< 0.001 (< 0.001)

< 0.001 (< 0.001)

< 0.001 (< 0.001)

< 0.001 (< 0.001)

< 0.001 (< 0.001)

Country means

 Log GDP per capita

 

0.677 (0.549)

   

 Tertiary education

 

− 0.106 (0.254)

   

Region-level predictors

 Log GDP per capita (t − 1)

0.492** (0.166)

0.476** (0.165)

0.489** (0.166)

0.5** (0.164)

0.499** (0.164)

 Tertiary education

− 0.018 (0.041)

− 0.016 (0.042)

− 0.018 (0.041)

− 0.015 (0.041)

− 0.015 (0.041)

 Intercept

1.477 (1.477)

− 4.822 (5.127)

1.653 (1.713)

1.139 (1.591)

1.241 (1.625)

 Observations

1071

1071

1071

1071

1071

 σ2c

0.418 (0.328)

0.35 (0.294)

0.44 (0.321)

0.299 (0.265)

0.28 (0.264)

 σ2r

0.967 (0.305)

0.964 (0.293)

0.916 (0.287)

1.11 (0.273)

1.113 (0.274)

 σ2res

0.069 (0.016)

0.069 (0.016)

0.069 (0.016)

0.069 (0.016)

0.069 (0.016)

 AIC

669.456

670.843

668.266

675.509

677.079

  1. Standard errors are shown in parentheses. Significance is measured at *p = 0.05, **p = 0.01, and ***p = 0.001
  2. Random slope variance: σ2c—country-level variance, σ2r—region-level variance, σ2res—residual variance
  3. Source: author’s calculations