Table 1 Factor measures and data source

Institutional factors

IIF

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), 2015–2018

Political and operational stability

IIF1

Government effectiveness

IIF2

Regulatory quality

IIF3

Ease of starting a business

IIF4

Gross expenditure on R&D (GERD)

IIF5

Expenditure on education

IIF6

Human factors

IHF

PISA scales in reading, math, & science

IHF1

Graduates in science & engineering

IHF2

Tertiary level inbound mobility

IHF3

Researchers, full-time equivalent

/ Million population

IHF4

Employment in knowledge-intensive services

IHF5

Research talent in business enterprise

IHF6

Linkage factors

ILF

GERD performed by business enterprise

ILF1

GERD financed by business enterprise

ILF2

University–industry research collaboration

ILF3

State of cluster development

ILF4

Joint venture/strategic alliance deals

ILF5

Framework factors

IFF

ICT access

IFF1

ICT use

IFF2

Electricity output, kWh/mn pop

IFF3

Logistics performance

IFF4

Gross capital formation

IFF5

Environmental performance

IFF6

The rule of law

IFF7

Output intangible indicators

OII

Patent applications by origin

OII1

Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)

international applications by origin

OII2

Scientific and technical publications

OII3

Trademark application class count by origin

OII4

Industrial designs by origin

OII5

ICTs and business model creation

OII6

Output tangible indicators

OTI

Cultural and creative services exports

OTI1

Creative goods exports

OTI2

The growth rate of Gross domestic product (GDP) per person engaged

OTI3

High-tech and medium high-tech output

OTI4

New business density

OTI5