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A Systems View Across Time and Space

Table 2 Evaluation of PLS-SEM models

From: Factors impacting university–industry collaboration in European countries

Evaluation of the measurement models

Reflective measurement models

Formative measurement models

Internal consistency

Cronbach’s alpha

0.60–0.95

Convergent validity

Redundancy analysis

 ≥ 0.7 correlation

Composite reliability

0.60–0.95

Convergent validity

Loadings

 ≥ 0.7

Collinearity between indicators

Variance Inflation Factor (VIF)

 ≥ 0.5

The average variance extracted (AVE)

 ≥ 0.5

Discriminant validity

Cross-loadings

Significance of outer weights

p-value

 < 0.05

Fornell-Larcker criterion

Heterotrait-monotrait ratio (HTMT)

 < 0.9

Evaluation of the structural models

Collinearity

VIF

 ≥ 0.5

Predictive power

Coefficients of determinations (R2)

values of 0.75, 0.50 and 0.25 are considered substantial, moderate, and weak

Predictive relevance

Stone-Geisser’s Q2 value

 ≥ 0

Significance of path coefficients

p-value

 < 0.05

  1. Source: authors’ work based on Hair et al. (2017)