Table 3 Indicators of latent variables qualified for the model

Institutional factors

IIF

Political and operational stability

IIF1

0.843

Government effectiveness

IIF2

0.975 (Omitted)*

Regulatory quality

IIF3

0.945 (Omitted)*

Ease of starting a business

IIF4

0.479 (Omitted)

Gross expenditure on R&D (GERD)

IIF5

0.889

Expenditure on education

IIF6

0.580 (Omitted)

Human factors

IHF

PISA scales in reading, math, & science

IHF1

0.881

Graduates in science & engineering

IHF2

0.107 (Omitted)

Tertiary level inbound mobility

IHF3

0.536 (Omitted)

Researchers, full time equivalent/million people

IHF4

0.930

Employment in knowledge-intensive services

IHF5

0.862

Research talent in business enterprise

IHF6

0.816

Linkage factors

ILF

GERD performed by business enterprise

ILF1

0.917

GERD financed by business enterprise

ILF2

0.910

University–industry research collaboration

ILF3

0.920 (Omitted)*

State of cluster development

ILF4

0.918 (Omitted)*

Joint venture/strategic alliance deals

ILF5

0.506 (Omitted)

Framework factors

IFF

ICT access

IFF1

0.906

ICT use

IFF2

0.951 (Omitted)*

Electricity output, kWh/mn pop

IFF3

0.525 (Omitted)

Logistics performance

IFF4

0.916

Gross capital formation

IFF5

0.055 (Omitted)

Environmental performance

IFF6

0.897

The rule of law

IFF7

0.953 (Omitted)*

Output intangible indicators

OII

Patent applications by origin

OII1

0.923

PCT international applications by origin

OII2

0.941

Scientific and technical publications

OII3

0.478 (Omitted)

Trademark application class count by origin

OII4

0.357 (Omitted)

Industrial designs by origin

OII5

0.533 (Omitted)

ICTs and business model creation

OII6

0.898

Output tangible indicators

OTI

Cultural and creative services exports

OTI1

0.668 (Omitted)

Creative goods exports

OTI2

0.446 (Omitted)

The growth rate of GDP per person engaged

OTI3

0.517 (Omitted)

High-tech and medium high-tech output

OTI4

0.468 (Omitted)

New business density

OTI5

0.484 (Omitted)