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A Systems View Across Time and Space

Table 1 Cross-sectional analysis of the Global Entrepreneurial Index (GEI)

From: The impact of economic-related freedoms on the national entrepreneurial activity

Years

2019

2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

Constant

− 46.336

− 13.81

− 16.44

− 44.11

− 38.19

− 28.92

 t-sta

− 4.187

− 0.804

− 0.887

− 4.010

− 3.276

− 2.478

 p-val

(0.0)****

(0.423)

(0.38)

(0.0)****

(0.001)***

(0.015)**

IVAR1

0.753

0.235

0.189

0.761

0.592

0.526

 t-sta

6.77

1.348

1.208

8.403

7.029

6.704

 p-val

(0.0)****

(0.18)

(0.23)

(0.0)****

(0.0)****

(0.0)****

IVAR2

0.092

− 0.08

− 0.014

0.061

0.031

0.088

 t-sta

1.146

− 0.611

− 0.112

0.888

0.504

1.510

 p-val

(0.25)

(0.54)

(0.91)

(0.38)

(0.62)

(0.13)

IVAR3

− 0.155

0.062

0.036

− 0.17

− 0.041

− 0.216

 t-sta

− 1.142

0.297

0.154

− 1.124

− 0.229

− 1.150

 p-val

(0.26)

(0.77)

(0.88)

(0.26)

(0.82)

(0.25)

IVAR4

0.203

0.244

0.305

0.376

0.352

0.378

 t-sta

1.237

0.968

1.174

2.646

2.443

2.747

 p-val

(0.22)

(0.33)

(0.24)

(0.009)***

(0.02)**

(0.007)***

IVAR5

0.060

− 0.009

− 0.013

− 0.054

− 0.039

− 0.041

 t-sta

0.647

− 0.06

− 0.095

− 0.690

− 0.52

− 0.558

 p-val

(0.52)

(0.95)

(0.92)

(0.49)

(0.61)

(0.58)

IVAR6

0.324

0.25

0.225

0.251

0.253

0.295

 t-sta

3.02

1.563

1.388

2.75

2.830

3.401

 p-val

(0.003)***

(0.12)

(0.17)

(0.007)***

(0.006)***

(0.0)****

  1. ****, ***, ** and * denote statistical significance at the 0.1%, 1%, 5%, and 10% significance level, respectively. The table contains t-statistic and their corresponding p-values below in brackets