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A Systems View Across Time and Space

Table 2 Cross-sectional analysis of the Entrepreneurial Attitudes Sub-Index (ATT)

From: The impact of economic-related freedoms on the national entrepreneurial activity

Years

2019

2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

Constant

− 20.87288

− 4.698316

− 8.315991

− 8.408643

− 15.15999

− 1.658035

 t-sta

− 2.117054

− 0.386458

− 0.689279

− 0.714925

− 0.942209

− 0.121173

 p-val

(0.037)**

(0.69)

(0.492)

(0.476)

(0.348)

(0.904)

IVAR1

0.707735

0.437032

0.385617

0.788264

0.580571

0.475519

 t-sta

7.241338

3.059907

2.872939

7.583309

6.045905

6.300245

 p-val

(0.0)****

(0.003)***

(0.005)***

(0.0)****

(0.0)****

(0.0)****

IVAR2

0.069054

− 0.203888

− 0.14626

0.038022

0.090246

0.055295

 t-sta

0.915951

− 1.944662

− 1.275491

0.491995

1.532235

1.046108

 p-val

(0.362)

(0.054)*

(0.205)

(0.624)

(0.128)

(0.298)

IVAR3

− 0.206718

− 0.006316

0.008076

− 0.583346

− 0.530543

− 0.295924

 t-sta

− 1.292598

− 0.045444

0.046375

− 3.17377

− 1.929317

− 1.297483

 p-val

(0.199)

(0.964)

(0.963)

(0.002)***

(0.056)*

(0.197)

IVAR4

0.025886

0.158315

0.190094

0.292646

0.465009

0.202072

 t-sta

0.205182

0.759112

0.937417

2.05498

3.1221

1.735551

 p-val

(0.838)

(0.449)

(0.351)

(0.042)**

(0.002)***

(0.085)

IVAR5

0.104255

0.038507

0.046231

0.013395

− 0.196304

− 0.092968

 t-sta

1.495172

0.412845

0.497922

0.248765

− 2.648672

− 1.542205

 p-val

(0.138)

(0.681)

(0.619)

(0.804)

(0.009)***

(0.126)

IVAR6

0.219121

0.132035

0.112971

0.231741

0.446261

0.307978

 t-sta

2.472588

1.213041

0.975529

2.644787

3.950371

2.954759

 p-val

(0.015)**

(0.228)

(0.331)

(0.009)***

(0.0)****

(0.004)***

  1. ****, ***, ** and * denote statistical significance at the 0.1%, 1%, 5%, and 10% significance level, respectively. The table contains t-statistic and their corresponding p-values below in brackets