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A Systems View Across Time and Space

Table 1 Relations of the latent and manifest variables

From: Determining factors for the creation of innovation-based ventures

Latent variable

Dimension

References

Manifest variables

Entrepreneurial self-efficacy

Searching

McGee et al., (2009)

- Confidence to brainstorm (brains)

- Confidence to develop products or services (development)

- Confidence to identify needs (needs)

Planning

McGee et al., (2009)

- Confidence to design marketing campaigns (mkt)

- Confidence to determine competitive prices (price)

- Confidence to identify market demand (demand)

- Confidence to estimate initial funds (funds)

Marshalling

McGee et al., (2009)

- Trust for others to identify with the vision (empathy)

- Confidence to concisely explain the idea (communication)

- Confidence to network (network)

Implementing-People

McGee et al., (2009)

- Confidence to attract and hire employees (hire)

- Trust to delegate tasks to employees (delegate)

- Confidence to effectively handle problems (problems)

- Trust to supervise employees (supervise)

- Confidence to train employees (train)

- Trust, inspire and encourage employees (inspire)

Implementing-Financial

McGee et al., (2009)

- Confidence to maintain business accounting (accounting)

- Confidence to manage financial assets (manage)

- Confidence to read and interpret financial statements (statements)

Social capital

Structural

Kannadhasan et al. (2018); Nahapiet (1998)

- State of conversation with many about the idea (divulgation)

- Status of new connections through contacts (new contacts)

- Status of new contacts through connections (new connections)

- Status of contacts in quantity (quantity)

Relational

Kannadhasan et al. (2018); Nahapiet (1998)

- Status of the level of close relations with contacts (relations)

- State of knowledge with contacts (contacts)

- State of support for contacts in difficult situations (support)

Cognitive

Kannadhasan et al. (2018); Nahapiet (1998)

- State of understanding of the objectives of the other in personal relationships (rapport)

- State of trust so that in contact, neither party takes advantage of the other (respect)

P-EMP

P-EMP

Hsu et al. (2019)

- State of satisfaction of the need for independence in thought and actions when starting the business (independence)

- State of satisfaction of personal freedom when starting the business (freedom)

- State of satisfaction of achievement needs when starting the business (achievement, economy, richness)

Venture creation

Venture creation

De Carolis (2009)

- State of creation in which the enterprise is located (status, experience)