A Systems View Across Time and Space
Table 1 Empirical analysis of the determinants of innovation
Studies | Measures of innovation | Country coverage | Key findings | Firm size/type |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sudolska and Łapińska (2020) | Innovation outputs | Poland | The innovation capability is determined by inter-organization capability, hiring employees in R&D, and increasing firms’ internal expenditure on R&D | Manufacturing sectors |
Ndesaulwa and Kikula (2016) | Infrastructure, R&D Market conditions | Tanzania | SMEs in these countries face the challenge of gaining entrance into new markets, and their presence in the market has little or no influence on the market prices as larger firms influence their market prices | SMEs |
Uvarova and Vitola (2019) | Policies Knowledge and skills Cooperation and networking | European countries | Inappropriate innovation policies, lack of skills and knowledge, inability to hire a skilled workforce, inadequacies in the environment for innovation and competitiveness | Rural SMEs |
Agwu (2014) | Infrastructure Skills | Nigeria | Inadequate social infrastructures, taxation, inadequate financing, and lack of managerial skills | SMEs |
Gachara (2017) | Knowledge Resources Technology Regulations and policy | Kenya | Knowledge challenges, resources challenges, technology challenges, legal and policies challenges, and environmental challenges faced by SMEs in both developed and developing countries | SMEs |
Stern et. al. (2000) | International patents granted by the USA patent office | 17 OECD countries | R&D human resources and spending policies such as intellectual property, trade, openness, the share of research by the academic sector, and knowledge stock characterize innovative capacity | Both large and SMEs |
Ulku (2004) | Patent applications | 20 OECD and ten non-OECD countries | There is a significant relationship between R&D stock and innovation. Innovation rates increase when investment in R&D increases | Both large and SMEs |
Hsu et. al. (2014) | Patent counts, patent citations, and R&D expenses | 32 developed and emerging countries | Higher innovation is the result of high-tech intensive and external finance | Financial markets |
Qureshi et. al. (2021) | Patent flows (number of patent applications by residents, world development indicators) | Asia and Pacific region and Latin America, and the Caribbean | R&D, human capital, infrastructure access, and financial development have a positive effect | Both large and small business |
Grego-Planer and Kus (2020) | Innovative activity of enterprise (dichotomous response, 0, 1) | Poland | Workforce mobility and work ethic, like workaholics, negatively affect innovation People’s level of education, management attitude towards innovation, corporate image and reputation, and technological development positively influence | 202 small Polish businesses |
Farsi and Toghraee (2015) | Human capital R&D Infrastructure Regulation | Iran | A wide range of innovative challenges, such as human resources, research, and development, emerging new technologies, regulatory and inadequate market information | SMEs |