A Systems View Across Time and Space
Variable category | Pillars | Variables/items | Source |
---|---|---|---|
Independent variable | Institutions | Political environment | World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO): Global Innovation Index |
Regulatory environment | |||
Business environment | |||
Human capital and research | Education | ||
Tertiary education | |||
Research and development | |||
Infrastructure | Information and communication technology (ICT) | ||
General infrastructure that includes utilities like electricity | |||
Ecological sustainability | |||
Market sophistication | Investment | ||
Credit system | |||
Trade, competition, and market scale | |||
Business sophistication | Knowledge workers | ||
Innovation linkage | |||
Knowledge absorption | |||
Dependent variable | Knowledge and technology outputs | Knowledge creation | World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO): Global Innovation Index |
Knowledge impact | |||
Knowledge diffusion | |||
Creative outputs of innovation | Intangible assets that include patents and copyrights | ||
Creative goods and services | |||
Online creativity | |||
Extraneous variable | Income-level of countries | High-income level | World Bank Data: economies by per capita GNI in June 2019 |
Upper-middle income | |||
Lower-middle-income | |||
Low income |