A Systems View Across Time and Space
From: What drives the dynamics of employment growth in firms? Evidence from East Africa
Variables | Model (1) | Model (2) | Model (3) | Model (4) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Firm specific factors | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Firm age | − 0.000 (0.000) | − 0.000 (0.000) | − 0.000 (0.000) | − 0.001 (0.000) |
 ln age squared | − 0.027 (0.021) | − 0.028 (0.021) | − 0.025 (0.021) | − 0.028 (0.021) |
Size (small = base category) | ||||
 Medium | 0.021* (0.012) |  |  |  |
 Large | 0.036** (0.015) |  |  |  |
Ownership (domestic = base category) | ||||
 Foreign ownership | 0.018 (0.014) | 0.022 (0.014) | 0.018 (0.014) | 0.020 (0.014) |
 Use website (1 = yes) | 0.006 (0.011) | 0.013 (0.011) | 0.005 (0.011) | 0.007 (0.011) |
 Innovation (1 = yes) | 0.018 (0.011) | 0.019* (0.011) | 0.019* (0.011) | 0.017 (0.011) |
Business environment factors | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Access to finance (2 = No) | 0.015 (0.011) | 0.010 (0.011) |  | 0.015 (0.011) |
 Courts (1 = yes) | − 0.011 (0.012) | − 0.011 (0.012) | − 0.011 (0.012) | − 0.012 (0.012) |
 Competition (1 = yes) | 0.017* (0.011) | 0.015 (0.011) | 0.017 (0.011) | 0.019* (0.011) |
 Electricity (1 = yes) | − 0.007 (0.015) | − 0.007 (0.015) | − 0.008 (0.015) |  |
 Informal payments | − 0.000 (0.001) |  | − 0.000 (0.001) | − 0.000 (0.001) |
 Business licensing (1 = yes) | − 0.002 (0.012) | − 0.003 (0.012) | − 0.003 (0.012) | − 0.001 (0.012) |
Entrepreneur specific factors | ||||
 Gender (1 = female) | − 0.011 (0.015) | − 0.014 (0.015) | − 0.011 (0.015) | − 0.012 (0.015) |
 Formal training (1 = yes) | − 0.020* (0.011) | − 0.017 (0.011) | − 0.020* (0.011) | − 0.020* (0.011) |
 Managerial experience | − 0.005 (0.013) | − 0.001 (0.013) | − 0.006 (0.013) | − 0.006 (0.013) |
Interactions | ||||
 Small X informal payments |  | − 0.000 (0.001) |  |  |
 Medium X informal payments |  | − 0.001 (0.001) |  |  |
 Large X informal payments |  | 0.001 (0.004) |  |  |
 Small X access to finance |  |  | 0.019 (0.019) |  |
 Medium X access to finance |  |  | 0.031 (0.020) |  |
 Large X access to finance |  |  | 0.067*** (0.023) |  |
 Small X electricity obstacle |  |  |  | 0.049* (0.028) |
 Medium X electricity obstacle |  |  |  | − 0.037** (0.015) |
 Large X electricity obstacle |  |  |  | 0.000 (0.000) |
 Constant | 0.138 (0.099) | 0.154 (0.099) | 0.129 (0.100) | 0.133 (0.100) |
 Country fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
 Observations | 559 | 559 | 559 | 559 |
 R2 | 0.054 | 0.043 | 0.058 | 0.057 |