Does innovation promote economic growth? Evidence from European countries

Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship

A Systems View Across Time and Space

Table 2 Trend of Innovation (per thousand population) in European countries

Countries	PAR				PAN				RDE
Countries	P1	P2	P3	P4	P1	P2	P3	P4	P1	P2	P3	P4
Austria	0.25	0.26	0.27	0.26	0.06	0.03	0.03	0.05	1.77	2.29	2.76	2.28
Belgium	0.07	0.05	0.06	0.06	0.04	0.02	0.01	0.03	1.87	1.90	2.12	1.95
Czech Republic	0.06	0.06	0.08	0.07	0.33	0.19	0.01	0.19	1.07	1.23	1.51	1.26
Denmark	0.25	0.32	0.27	0.28	0.14	0.03	0.03	0.08	1.99	2.49	2.99	2.53
Finland	0.44	0.38	0.32	0.39	0.38	0.04	0.02	0.20	2.93	3.43	3.77	3.38
France	0.22	0.22	0.22	0.22	0.06	0.05	0.03	0.05	2.18	2.15	2.23	2.18
Germany	0.48	0.59	0.58	0.54	0.11	0.14	0.16	0.13	2.32	2.51	2.83	2.55
Greece	0.02	0.04	0.06	0.04	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.53	0.58	0.68	0.59
Hungary	0.13	0.08	0.07	0.10	0.18	0.23	0.01	0.15	0.70	0.95	1.17	0.94
Ireland	0.23	0.21	0.14	0.20	0.35	0.02	0.01	0.18	1.22	1.19	1.64	1.33
Italy	0.13	0.16	0.14	0.15	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.15	1.02	1.11	1.25	1.13
Netherlands	0.14	0.13	0.15	0.14	0.04	0.03	0.02	0.03	1.96	1.89	1.92	1.91
Norway	0.26	0.25	0.23	0.25	1.04	1.08	0.32	0.88	1.63	1.59	1.67	1.62
Poland	0.08	0.06	0.09	0.08	0.06	0.09	0.01	0.05	0.66	0.57	0.74	0.64
Portugal	0.01	0.01	0.05	0.02	0.10	0.01	0.01	0.05	0.63	0.84	1.55	0.99
Romania	0.09	0.05	0.06	0.07	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.51	0.42	0.50	0.47
Spain	0.06	0.07	0.07	0.06	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.85	1.09	1.36	1.09
Sweden	0.43	0.33	0.24	0.35	0.10	0.06	0.03	0.07	3.52	3.70	3.50	3.59
United Kingdom	0.33	0.32	0.25	0.31	0.16	0.17	0.19	0.15	1.77	1.73	1.77	1.75
European panel^#	3.68	3.59	3.35	3.59	3.22	2.23	0.93	2.47	1.49	1.66	1.93	1.80

PAR is number of patents by residents, PAN is number of patents by non-residents, and RDE is research and development expenditure. P1 is 1989–2000, P2 is 2001–2007, P3 is 2008–2014, and P4 is 1989–2014
^#The figures are average of all 19 European countries