A Systems View Across Time and Space
Table 2 Variables in the research
From: Exploring science-and-technology-led innovation: a cross-country study
Category | Variable | Description |
|---|---|---|
Research and development | ||
R&D expenditure | BERD (%) | Business enterprise expenditure on R&D (BERD) as a % of GDP |
BERD by industry (current PPP dollars $) | Business enterprise expenditure on R&D (BERD) performed in the industries of service, aerospace, computer, electronic and optical, pharmaceutical, | |
GERD (%) | Gross domestic expenditure on R&D as a % of GDP | |
GERD by sector of performance | GERD in the sectors of: business enterprise (GERD_BUS_PERFORM), government (GERD_GOV_PERFORM), higher education (GERD_HIGH_PERFORM), and private sector (GERD_PRIVATE_PERFORM) | |
GERD by source of funds | GERD financed by other national sources, government (GERD_GOV_FINANCE), industry (GERD_IND_FINANCE), and abroad (GERD_ABROAD_FINANCE) | |
GOVERD | Government intramural expenditure on R&D (GOVERD) as a % of GDP | |
HERD | Higher education expenditure on R&D as a % of GDP | |
R&D personnel | GOVER_RESEARCHER | Government researchers as a % of national total |
BUS_RESEARCHER | Business enterprise researchers as a % of national total | |
HIGH_RESEARCHER | Higher education researchers as a % of national total | |
Patents | ||
Patent filing | PATENT_TRIADIC | Number of “triadic” patent families (priority year), based on inventor(s)'s countries of residence |
PATENT_PCT | Number of patent applications filed under the PCT(priority year), based on inventor(s)’s countries of residence | |
PATENT_EPO | Number of patent applications filed under the European Patent Office (priority year), based on inventor(s)'s countries of residence | |
International cooperation in patents | COOP_COINVENTOR% | The total percentage of patents invented with foreign co-inventors under EPO where reference date is prior date. |
COOP_OWN% | The total percentage of patents owned by foreign residents in EPO where reference date is prior date. | |
COOP_ABROAD% | The total percentage of patents invented abroad in EPO where reference date is Prior Date. | |
Patents by technology | PATENT_BIO | Number of patents in the biotechnology sector - applications filed under the PCT (priority year), based on inventor(s)’s countries of residence |
PATENT_ICT | Number of patents in the ICT sector—applications filed under the PCT, based on inventor(s)’s countries of residence (priority year) | |
PATENT_ ENV | Number of patents in the ENV_TECH sector—applications filed under the PCT, based on inventor(s)’s countries of residence (priority year) | |
PATENT_PHARMA | Number of patents in the PHARMA sector—applications filed under the PCT, based on inventor(s)’s countries of residence (priority year) | |
Exports | ||
Export of particular industries | EXPORT_AERO | Total exports: aerospace industry (current prices) |
EXPORT_IT | Total exports: computer, electronic, and optical industry (current prices) | |
EXPORT_PHAR | Total exports: pharmaceutical industry (current prices) | |