A Systems View Across Time and Space
Table 7 Interaction between innovation and the business environment
From: Innovation and employment growth: evidence from manufacturing firms in Africa
| Â | (1) | (2) | (3) |
|---|---|---|---|
Employment growth | Employment growth | Employment growth | |
Innov (0 = no innovation) | |||
 1 (= Process/Product) | 0.07* |  |  |
(0.0322) | Â | Â | |
 2 (= Process × Product) | 0.1** |  |  |
(0.0371) | Â | Â | |
Process (1 = yes) |  | 0.10** |  |
| Â | (0.0304) | Â | |
Product (1 = yes) |  |  | 0.09** |
| Â | Â | (0.0314) | |
Electricity (1 = yes) | 0.01 | 0.01 | − 0.003 |
(0.0190) | (0.0181) | (0.0168) | |
Bureaucracy | − 0.0006 | − 0.0006 | − 0.0007+ |
(0.000420) | (0.000399) | (0.000375) | |
Bribe | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.0005 |
(0.00142) | (0.00144) | (0.00131) | |
Competition | − 0.007 | − 0.005 | − 0.02 |
(0.0186) | (0.0172) | (0.0160) | |
Innovation × Electricity | |||
 1 | − 0.09** |  |  |
(0.0340) | Â | Â | |
 2 | − 0.09** |  |  |
(0.0345) | Â | Â | |
Innovation × Bureaucracy | 0.00010 |  |  |
(0.000312) | Â | Â | |
Innovation × Bribe | − 0.0005 |  |  |
(0.000989) | Â | Â | |
Innovation × Competition | |||
 1 | − 0.02 |  |  |
(0.0308) | Â | Â | |
 2 | − 0.0007 |  |  |
(0.0285) | Â | Â | |
Process × Electricity |  | − 0.08** |  |
| Â | (0.0286) | Â | |
Process × Bureaucracy |  | 0.00008 |  |
| Â | (0.000525) | Â | |
Process × Bribe |  | − 0.001 |  |
| Â | (0.00190) | Â | |
Process × Competition |  | − 0.009 |  |
| Â | (0.0245) | Â | |
Product × Electricity |  |  | − 0.07* |
| Â | Â | (0.0299) | |
Product × Bureaucracy |  |  | 0.0003 |
| Â | Â | (0.000531) | |
Product × Bribe |  |  | 0.0004 |
| Â | Â | (0.00189) | |
Product × Competition |  |  | 0.02 |
| Â | Â | (0.0248) | |
Country fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes |
ISIC | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Constant | 0.4*** | 0.4*** | 0.4*** |
(0.0570) | (0.0567) | (0.0558) | |
N | 5389 | 5337 | 5370 |
R 2 | 0.068 | 0.065 | 0.068 |
Adj. R2 | 0.056 | 0.054 | 0.057 |