A Systems View Across Time and Space
Table 2 Tabulated synthesis of results across different studies
Hypothesis | Supported? | |
|---|---|---|
Prieto (2011) | “There will be a positive relationship between individuals’ proactive personality and social entrepreneurial intentions.” | Yes |
“Hope will moderate the relationship between proactive personality and social entrepreneurial intentions such that the higher the hope score, the more individuals will have social entrepreneurial intentions.” | No | |
Othman & Ab Wahid (2014) | “There is no significant relationship between the SPCSE [specific personal characteristics of social entrepreneurs] and SEO [social entrepreneurship organization] among the SIFE [Students in Free Enterprise] students.” | Yes |
Moorthy & Annamalah (2014) | “Perceived social norms have a strong relationship with the intentions for social entrepreneurship.” | Yes |
“Perceived desirability have a strong relationship with the intentions for social entrepreneurship.” | Yes | |
“Perceived self-efficacy have a strong relationship with the intentions for social entrepreneurship.” | Yes | |
“Perceived feasibility have a strong relationship with the intentions for social entrepreneurship.” | Yes | |
“Perceived propensity to act have a strong relationship with the intentions for social entrepreneurship.” | Yes | |
Tshikovhi & Shambare (2015) | “Higher levels of entrepreneurial knowledge are positively related to higher levels of personal attitudes.” | Yes |
“Higher levels of entrepreneurial knowledge are positively related to higher levels of entrepreneurial intentions.” | Yes | |
“Higher levels of personal attitude are positively related to a higher level of entrepreneurial intentions.” | Yes | |
Politis, Ketikidis, Diamantidis, & Lazuras (2016) | “TPB is able to predict EIs as well as SEIs.” | Yes |
“Personality traits determine who demonstrates more inclination for—social—business creation.” | No | |
“Demographic characteristics directly affect social—entrepreneurial intentions.” | Yes | |
“Situational/environmental or contextual factors directly influence the SEIs of people.” | Yes | |
“Tensions in mission focus are evident early on in the SEIs’ formation process.” | Yes | |
Hockerts (2017) | “Empathy is positively related to social entrepreneurial intentions.” | Yes |
“A perception that societal norms imply a moral obligation to help marginalized people is positively related to social entrepreneurial intentions.” | Yes | |
“Social entrepreneurial self-efficacy is positively related to social entrepreneurial intentions.” | Yes | |
“Perceived availability of social support is positively related to social entrepreneurial intentions.” | Yes | |
“Prior experience with social organizations is positively related to social entrepreneurial intent.” | Yes | |
“The link between prior experience and social entrepreneurial intent is mediated by empathy.” | Yes | |
“The link between prior experience and social entrepreneurial intent is mediated by perceived moral obligation.” | Yes | |
“The link between prior experience and social entrepreneurial intent is mediated by social entrepreneurial self-efficacy.” | Yes | |
“The link between prior experience and social entrepreneurial intent is mediated by perceived external social support.” | Yes | |
“Social entrepreneurial intentions are positively related to the number of elective courses selected with a social entrepreneurial profile.” | Yes | |
“Social entrepreneurial intentions are positively related to the number of elective courses selected with a CSR [corporate social responsibility] profile.” | No | |
“Social entrepreneurial intentions are positively related to the number of elective courses selected with an entrepreneurship profile.” | No | |
Liang et al. (2017) | “Extraversion, conscientiousness, and agreeableness positively affect GSEIs [green socio-entrepreneurial intentions].” | Yes |
“Openness and neuroticism negatively affect GSEIs.” | Yes | |
“Bonding social capital positively affects GSEIs.” | Yes | |
“Bridging social capital positively affects GSEIs.” | No | |
“Entrepreneurial creativity positively affects GSEIs.” | Yes | |
“Extraversion, openness, and neuroticism positively affect entrepreneurial creativity.” | Yes | |
“Conscientiousness and agreeableness negatively affect entrepreneurial creativity.” | No | |
“Bonding social capital positively affects entrepreneurial creativity.” | Yes | |
“Bridging social capital positively affects entrepreneurial creativity.” | No | |
“Personality traits and social capital affect GSEIs through the mediation of entrepreneurial creativity.” | Yes | |
Tiwari, Bhat, & Tikoria (2017) | “Attitude towards becoming a social entrepreneur has a positive effect on social entrepreneurial intentions.” | Yes |
“Subjective norms have a positive effect on social entrepreneurial intentions.” | Yes | |
“Perceived behavioural control has a positive effect on social entrepreneurial intentions.” | Yes | |
“Emotional intelligence has a positive effect on the attitude towards becoming a social entrepreneur.” | Yes | |
“Emotional intelligence has a positive effect on the subjective norms.” | No | |
“Emotional intelligence has a positive effect on perceived behavioural control.” | No | |
“Creativity has a positive effect on the attitude towards becoming a social entrepreneur.” | Yes | |
“Creativity has a positive effect on the subjective norms.” | No | |
“Creativity has a positive effect on perceived behavioural control.” | Yes | |
“Moral obligation towards helping underprivileged people is positively related to attitude towards becoming a social entrepreneur.” | Yes | |
“Moral obligation towards helping underprivileged people is positively related to subjective norms.” | No | |
“Moral obligation towards helping underprivileged people is positively related to perceived behavioural control.” | Yes | |
Kedmenec et al. (2017) | “Business students who engage in social entrepreneurship education perceive social entrepreneurship as more desirable.” | Yes |
“Business students who engage in social entrepreneurship education perceive social entrepreneurship as more feasible.” | Yes | |
“Business students with more experience in prosocial behaviour perceive social entrepreneurship as more desirable.” | Yes | |
“Business students with more experience in prosocial behaviour perceive social entrepreneurship as more feasible.” | Yes | |
Aure (2018) | “Prior experience has a direct positive influence on social entrepreneurial intent.” | Yes |
“Prior experience, mediated by empathy, moral obligation, self-efficacy and social support, has significant positive indirect influence on intention.” | Yes | |
“Empathy has a significant positive influence on social entrepreneurial intent.” | Yes | |
“Moral obligation has a significant positive influence on social entrepreneurial intent.” | No | |
“Self-efficacy has a significant positive influence on social entrepreneurial intent.” | Yes | |
“Perceived social support has a significant positive influence on social entrepreneurial intent.” | Yes | |
“The big five personality traits, mediated by empathy, moral obligation, self-efficacy, and social support, have significant positive indirect influence on social entrepreneurial intent.” | Yes | |
“Grit, mediated by empathy, moral obligation, self-efficacy, and social support, has a significant positive indirect influence on social entrepreneurial intent.” | Yes | |
“Prior exposure to social action programs, mediated by empathy, moral obligation, self-efficacy, and social support, has a significant positive indirect influence on social entrepreneurial intent.” | No | |
“Prior exposure to social action programs, mediated by moral obligation, has a significant positive influence on social entrepreneurial intent.” | No | |
“Prior exposure to social action programs, mediated by self-efficacy, has a significant positive influence on social entrepreneurial intent.” | No | |
“Prior exposure to social action programs, mediated by perceived social support, has a significant positive influence on social entrepreneurial intent.” | No | |
Bacq & Alt (2018) | “Perspective-taking is positively related to social entrepreneurial self-efficacy.” | Yes |
“Empathic concern is positively related to social entrepreneurial self-efficacy.” | Yes | |
“Social entrepreneurial self-efficacy is positively related to social entrepreneurial intentions.” | Yes | |
“Social entrepreneurial self-efficacy mediates the relationship between perspective-taking and social entrepreneurial intentions.” | Yes | |
“Social entrepreneurial self-efficacy mediates the relationship between empathic concern and social entrepreneurial intentions.” | Yes | |
“Perspective-taking is positively related to social worth.” | Yes | |
“Empathic concern is positively related to social worth.” | No | |
“Social worth is positively related to social entrepreneurial intentions.” | Yes | |
“Social worth mediates the relationship between perspective-taking and social entrepreneurial intentions.” | Yes | |
“Social worth mediates the relationship between empathic concern and social entrepreneurial intentions.” | No | |
Ip, Wu, Liu, & Liang (2018) | “Empathy positively affects SEI through entrepreneurial creativity.” | No |
“Moral obligation negatively affects SEI through the mediation of entrepreneurial creativity.” | Yes | |
“Self-efficacy positively affects SEI through the mediation of entrepreneurial creativity.” | Yes | |
“Perceived social support positively affects SEI through the mediation of entrepreneurial creativity.” | Yes | |
“Prior experience positively affects SEI through the mediation of empathy, moral obligation, self-efficacy, perceived social support, and entrepreneurial creativity.” | Yes | |
Adelekan et al. (2018) | “A significant positive relationship between social entrepreneurship pedagogy and students’ behavioural outcomes in selected Nigerian universities.” | Yes |
“Students’ attitudes mediate the relationship between social entrepreneurship pedagogy and students’ behavioural outcomes.” | Yes | |
“A significant positive relationship between social entrepreneurship pedagogy and students’ intentions towards creating a social venture.” | Yes | |
Ip, Wu, et al. (2018) | “Extraversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness and agreeableness positively affect social entrepreneurial intentions.” | No |
“Neuroticism negatively affects social entrepreneurial intentions.” | No | |
“Originality positively affects social entrepreneurial intentions.” | Yes | |
“Usefulness positively affects social entrepreneurial intentions.” | No | |
“Bridging social capital positively affects social entrepreneurial intentions.” | No | |
“Bonding social capital positively affects social entrepreneurial intentions.” | No | |
Luc (2018) | “Attitude towards behaviour is positively associated with social entrepreneurship intention.” | Yes |
“Subjective norms are positively associated with social entrepreneurship intention.” | No | |
“Perceived behavioural control is positively associated with social entrepreneurship intention.” | Yes | |
“Perceived access to finance increases social entrepreneurship intention.” | No | |
“Perceived access to finance increases social entrepreneurship intention through the determinants of planned behaviour as mediator.” | Yes | |
Shahverdi, Ismail, & Qureshi (2018) | “Lack of support has a negative effect on social entrepreneurial intention.” | No |
“Lack of knowledge has a negative effect on social entrepreneurial intention.” | No | |
“Lack of competency has a negative effect on social entrepreneurial intention.” | Yes | |
“Lack of self-confidence has a negative effect on social entrepreneurial intention.” | Yes | |
“Lack of resources has a negative effect on social entrepreneurial intention. | Yes | |
“Social entrepreneurial education moderates the relationship between the perceived barriers and social entrepreneurial intention.” | Yes | |
Barton, Schaefer, & Canavati (2018) | “A positive relationship exists between perceived desirability and the intention to establish a social enterprise.” | Yes |
“A positive relationship exists between perceived feasibility and the intention to establish a social enterprise.” | Yes | |
“A positive relationship exists between entrepreneurial experience and the intention to establish a social enterprise.” | Yes | |
“A positive relationship exists between entrepreneurial education and the perceived feasibility of establishing a social enterprise.” | Yes | |
“A positive relationship exists between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and perceived feasibility of establishing a social enterprise.” | Yes | |
“A positive relationship exists between internal locus of control and perceived feasibility of establishing a social enterprise.” | Yes | |
“A positive relationship exists between the desire to make an impact and the perceived desirability of establishing a social enterprise.” | Yes | |
“A positive relationship exists between the need for financial success and the perceived desirability of establishing a social enterprise.” | No | |
“A positive relationship exists between the need for self-realization and the perceived desirability of establishing a social enterprise.” | Yes | |
“A positive relationship exists between the need for authority and the perceived desirability of establishing a social enterprise.” | No | |
“A positive relationship exists between the need for autonomy and the perceived desirability of establishing a social enterprise.” | Yes | |
“A positive relationship exists between the need for challenge and the perceived desirability of establishing a social enterprise.” | No |