A Systems View Across Time and Space
Table 1 Descriptive statistics
Variable full name [abbreviated name] (unit of measurement) | Description | Data source | Type | Mean (all studied countries) | Std. deviation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R&D financed by Government [GERD Fin Gov] (in 2000 current PPP$) | R&D financed by Government refers to the financial resources that government allocates to support research and development activities. | UNESCO Institute for statistics | Input (KPP) | 8,544,208.14 | 15,600,025.48 |
Researchers total [Res Tot] (units) | The number of researchers engaged in Research &Development (R&D). Researchers are professionals who conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories, models techniques instrumentation, software of operational methods. R&D covers basic research, applied research and experimental development. | UNESCO Institute for statistics and World Bank | Input (KPP) | 8,405,643 | 13,166,765 |
GERD—performed by higher education [GERD Perf Educ] (in 2000 current PPP$) | GERD—performed by higher education refers to the financial resources that organizations of the education system allocate to conduct research and development activities. | UNESCO Institute for statistics and World Bank | Input (KPP) | 241,187.52 | 380,647.31 |
Number of scientific and technical journal articles published [S&T article] (units) | Scientific and technical journal articles refer to the number of scientific and engineering articles published in the following fields: physics, biology, chemistry, mathematics, clinical medicine, biomedical research. | World Bank | Output (KPP) /Input (KCP) | 72,816.55 | 109,070.63 |
Patent applications (Residents) [Pat appl] (units) | Patent applications are worldwide patent applications filed through the Patent Cooperation Treaty procedure or with a national patent office for exclusive rights for an invention. | WIPO | Output (KPP)/Input (KCP) | 63,533.04 | 199,123.66 |
GERD—performed by business enterprise [Gerd Perf Bus] (in 2000 current PPP$) | GERD—performed by business enterprise refers to the financial resources that business sector allocates to conduct research and development activities. | UNESCO Institute for statistics | Input (KCP) /Intermediate | 41,777,881.65 | 90,936,904.5 |
High-technology exports [HiTech Exp] (in current US$) | High-technology exports are products with high R&D intensity, such as in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments and electrical machinery. | World Bank | Output (KCP)/Output (Total) | 657,979,280,133.28 | 754,871,364,036.5 |
Trademark applications [TM Appl] (units) | Trademark applications filed are applications to register a trademark with a national or regional Intellectual Property (IP) office. | WIPO | Output (KCP) /Output (Total) | 155,828.56 | 416,881.69 |