A Systems View Across Time and Space
Table 1 Linking Schwartz’s values to relevant ESS questions
Human values | ESS questions | Cultural values |
|---|---|---|
Self-direction | Important to think new ideas and being creative | Conservatism/embeddedness vs autonomy |
Stimulation | Important to try new and different things in life | Embeddedness |
Important to have a good time | ||
Important to seek adventures and have an exciting life | ||
Important to seek fun and things that give pleasure | ||
Hedonism | Important to understand different people | Intellectual autonomy |
Achievement | Important to show abilities and be admired | Affective autonomy |
Important to be successful and that people recognize achievements | ||
Power | Important to be rich, have money, and expensive things | Hierarchy vs egalitarianism |
Important to do what is told and follow rules | ||
Security | Important to live in secure and safe surroundings | Hierarchy |
Important that government is strong and ensures safety | ||
Conformity | Important to behave properly | Egalitarianism |
Tradition | Important to get respect from others | Mastery vs harmony |
Important to follow traditions and customs | ||
Benevolence | Important that people are treated equally and have equal opportunities | Mastery |
Important to help people and care for others well-being | ||
Important to be loyal to friends and devote to people close | ||
Universalism | Important to care for nature and environment | Harmony |