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A Systems View Across Time and Space

Table 2 Descriptive statistics of the variables used in the analysis

From: Culture, innovation, and economic development

 

Ν

Med.

Stdev

Min

Max

Patent applications

147

4871.5

11587.7

3

49240

Gross domestic spending on R&D

153

1.6

0.8

0

4

Researchers per 1000 people employed

152

7.4

2.9

3

17

Government researchers

147

10702.7

15229.9

331

66978

Economic development

153

36.9

17.9

10.1

120.1

Conservatism/embeddedness vs autonomy

Important to think new ideas and being creative

118

19.5

5.7

7.7

35.8

Important to try new and different things in life

116

13.7

4.2

5.8

29.4

Important to have a good time

118

12.5

6.5

3.3

31.5

Important to seek adventures and have an exciting life

118

5.5

2.2

1.5

14.3

Important seek fun and things that give pleasure

114

13.2

5.4

1.5

27.0

Important to understand different people

117

19.6

6.5

4.8

32.7

Important to show abilities and be admired

116

9.8

5.5

3.0

28.8

Important to be successful and that people recognize achievements

114

8.7

4.8

3.8

29.4

Hierarchy vs egalitarianism

Important to be rich, have money and expensive things

116

2.2

2.3

0.4

12.2

Important to do what is told and follow rules

116

9.2

3.5

3.6

21.3

Important to live in secure and safe surroundings

116

24.0

11.5

3.6

63.7

Important that government is strong and ensures safety

116

25.7

11.5

9.1

67.6

Important to behave properly

116

15.2

6.7

6.7

33.4

Mastery vs harmony

Important to get respect from others

118

10.0

6.4

2.1

35.1

Important follow traditions and customs

118

16.2

9.8

2.1

48.4

Important that people are treated equally and have equal opportunities

113

32.3

9.8

14.9

57.6

Important to help people and care for others well-being

116

25.1

8.7

8.7

48.8

Important to be loyal to friends and devote to people close

120

35.5

10.0

10.5

52.4

Important to care for nature and environment

116

31.4

8.0

13.2

54.6

  1. Ν denotes the number of observations, Med. the median, Stdev the standard deviation, Min the minimum value, and Max the maximum value