A Systems View Across Time and Space
From: Analysing the relationship between CO2 emissions and GDP in China: a fractional integration and cointegration approach
d–b
Cointegrating equation beta
CO2 growth rate
GDP growth rate
Model for the growth rates of CO2 and GDP imposing d = b
d = 1.024 (0.092)
1.000
− 2.662
Model for the growth rates of CO2 and GDP not imposing d = b
d = 0.948 (0.106)
b = 0.986 (0.000)
− 2.735