A Systems View Across Time and Space
Table 1 Variable descriptions
From: The effect of governance on entrepreneurship: from all income economies perspective
Variables | Description | Type |
|---|---|---|
Entrepreneurship | Natural log of the number of new registered entrepreneurial businesses (density) per 1000 working-age populations (15–64 age) (World Bank, 2020) | Dependent variable (DV) |
Voice and accountability | The perception on how citizens are able to involve in the selection of their government, freedom of expression and association, and free media (− 2.5 weak performance + 2.5 strong performance (World Bank, 2021a, 2021b) | Independent variable (IV) |
Political stability and absence of violence | Perceptions on how the government is destabilized by violence and terrorism (− 2.5 weak governance performance + 2.5 strong governance performance (World Bank, 2021a, 2021b) | IV |
Government effectiveness | The perception toward the quality of public services, the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulations and practicability, and the integrity of the governments’ commitment to such policies (− 2.5 weak governance + 2.5 strong governance) (World Bank, 2021a, 2021b) | IV |
Regulatory quality | The perceptions toward government’s ability to formulate and implement workable policies and regulations that promote private sector development (− 2.5 weak governance + 2.5 Strong governance) (World Bank, 2021a, 2021b) | IV |
Rule of low | The perception toward agents’ confidence in the rules of society, and in particular the quality of contracts enforcement, property rights, the police, and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime and violence (− 2.5 weak governance, + 2.5 strong governance (World Bank, 2021a, 2021b) | IV |
Corruption control | The perceptions toward how public power is exercised for private benefit, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as, the capture of the state by elites and private interests (− 2.5 weak, + 2.5 strong) (World Bank, 2021a, 2021b) | IV |
GNI per capita | The level of economic development is measured in terms of the natural logarithm of Gross net Income per capita in terms of USD (World Bank, 2021a, 2021b) | Control variable |