Table 4 Barriers to KTT deducted TC: (a) internal barriers, (b) external barriers, (c) personal barriers, (d) technical barriers

a

Agent

selection

3

“Actors must be able to transport their messages” (I) “project groups need to fit and be inclusive.” (R)

Lack of open

exchange

2

“Need for a platform to exchange ideas between different parties with categorized codes and datasets” (R)

Time for

transfer

2

“Most of the time you don’t have that time to find patterns in a dataset.” (R)

Terminology

3

“Different terminology for the same facts and figures.” (R)

Academic

operations

5

“Multidisciplinary journals are scarce. (R). “Measures to analyze multidisciplinary innovation are scarce.” (I)

Cultural

barriers

6

“Engineers and Researcher have different goals, agendas and understanding of added value.” (R) “Cultural barriers are especially true for theoretical or practical projects.” (I)

IPR and

rivalry

11

“Competition and conflict of interests, especially when people work in close proximity or in the same sector.” (R)

b

Insufficient funding

4

“Funding for such projects is limited, in both big and especially small industries’(C)

Governance

4

“Governmental or institutional rules, often forbid or hinder exchange.” (R) “Cooperation gets bureaucratic, fast.”(I)

c

Interdisciplinary understanding

10

“Without knowledge about the other discipline, it takes a long time to find out the patterns in a dataset.” (R) “There are hardly any people that know enough about [different] industries to see to see correlations” (R)

Path

dependency

3

“Established strategies for publishing, promotion, advancements or recognition are dominantly taken.” (R)

d

Notations

1

“We require common wording.” (R) “Models for hyperspectral data can be used for other high dimensional data, this requires common notations.” (R)

No standards

2

“Codes and campaign processes evolved over time. Standardization is scarce, thus limiting exchange.” (R)

Abundance of data

4

“We have too many different datasets which we could try to cross correlate [...]” (R)

Procedural

constraints

3

“Differences in time, size, scale and processing, limit the ability for causation. E.g. forestry scans entire forests over years while we need daily agricultural data.” (I)

Dissimilar

development progress

2

“At the system level, different maturity levels in industries challenge the compatibility” (I) “Progress in software and hardware happens at different speed.” (R)

Standardized data formats

2

“[Non-]standardized codes and datasets within a community [impede knowledge transfer]” (R)