Research and technology organizations as entrepreneurship instruments: the case of the Institut National d’Optique in the Canadian optics and photonics industry

Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship

A Systems View Across Time and Space

Table 1 Main Canadian RTOs in terms of total revenues generated

RTO	Province	Year created	Employees	Ownership type	Avg. total revenues (2014–21) in $M	Avg. net revenues (2014–21) in $M
Alberta Innovates	Alberta	1921	670	SOE	257.1	-14.5
Saskatchewan Research Council	Saskatchewan	1947	340	SOE	80.5	0.37
Research and Productivity Council	New Brunswick	1962	160	SOA*	14.2	0.42
Centre de recherche industrielle du Québec	Quebec	1969	209	SOE	32.2	1.67
Industrial Technology Center	Manitoba	1979	N.A	SOE	2.4	-0.04
Institut National d’optique (INO)	Quebec	1985	200	Nonprofit	37.7	0.94
Centre de recherche en informatique de Montréal	Quebec	1985	60	Nonprofit	9.2	0.18
FPInnovations	British Columbia/ Quebec	2007	430	Nonprofit	80.3	2.17

Bold values are denoted the RTO that is studies in this paper (INO)
*Special operating agency (government-owned). Source: 2014–2021 annual reports of the RTOs present in this table