A Systems View Across Time and Space
From: Research and technology organizations as entrepreneurship instruments: the case of the Institut National d’Optique in the Canadian optics and photonics industry
Collaborating organization
Share of collaborations
1988–98
1999–2008
2009–21
University
41.9%
44.4%
39.6%
Government
17.8%
25.5%
27.8%
Industry
17.1%
20.1%
15.7%
INO (internal)
36.4%
30.1%
46.0%