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A Systems View Across Time and Space

Table 2 Share of scientific publications of INO in collaboration with universities, government agencies and private enterprises (1988–2021)

From: Research and technology organizations as entrepreneurship instruments: the case of the Institut National d’Optique in the Canadian optics and photonics industry

Collaborating organization

Share of collaborations

1988–98

1999–2008

2009–21

University

41.9%

44.4%

39.6%

Government

17.8%

25.5%

27.8%

Industry

17.1%

20.1%

15.7%

INO (internal)

36.4%

30.1%

46.0%