Assessing the robustness of composite indicators: the case of the Global Innovation Index

Alqararah, Khatab

doi:10.1186/s13731-023-00332-w

Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship

A Systems View Across Time and Space

Table 1 Output variables

From: Assessing the robustness of composite indicators: the case of the Global Innovation Index

Sub-pillar	Weight	Variable	Sub-pillar	Weight	Variable
Political environment		V1	Trade, competition, & market scale		V12
Political and operational stability	0.969		Applied tariff rate, weighted avg	0.716
Government effectiveness	0.969		Intensity of local competition	0.809
Government effectiveness	0.969		Domestic market scale, bn PPP$	0.552
Regulatory environment		V2	Domestic market scale, bn PPP$	0.552
Regulatory quality	0.964		Knowledge workers		V13
Rule of law	0.958		Knowledge-intensive employment, %	0.914
Cost of redundancy dismissal, salary	0.478		Firms offering formal training, % firms	0.332
Cost of redundancy dismissal, salary	0.478		GERD performed by business, % GDP	0.817
Business environment		V3	GERD financed by business, %	0.831
Ease of starting a business	0.842		Females employed w/advanced degrees	0.883
Ease of resolving insolvency	0.842		Innovation linkages		V14
Ease of resolving insolvency	0.842		University/industry research collaboration	0.92
Education		V4	State of cluster development	0.873
Expenditure on education, % GDP	0.488		GERD financed by abroad,	0.098
Government funding/pupil, secondary	0.453		JV-strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP	0.624
School life expectancy, years	0.894		Patent families 2 + offices/bn PPP$ GDP	0.76
PISA scales in reading, maths, & science	0.881		Knowledge absorption		V15
Pupil–teacher ratio, secondary	0.761		Intellectual property payments	0.718
Tertiary education		V5	High-tech imports, % total trade	0.343
Tertiary enrollment, % gross	0.807		ICT services imports, % total trade	0.514
Graduates in science & engineering, %	0.725		FDI net inflows, % GDP	0.736
Tertiary inbound mobility, %	0.437		Research talent, % in business enterprise	0.623
Research & development		V6	Knowledge creation		V16
Researchers, FTE/mn pop	0.915		Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP	0.82
Gross expenditure on R&D, %	0.942		PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP	0.871
GDP Global R&D companies, avg. exp. top 3	0.927		Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP	0.325
QS university ranking, average score top 3	0.881		Scientific & technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP	0.559
QS university ranking, average score top 3	0.881		Citable documents H-index	0.798
(ICTs)		V7	Citable documents H-index	0.798
ICT access	0.914		Knowledge impact		V17
ICT use	0.917		Growth rate of PPP$ GDP/worker	0.074
Government’s online service	0.928		New businesses/th pop. 15–64	0.409
E-participation	0.918		Computer software spending, % GDP	0.71
E-participation	0.918		ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP	0.691
General infrastructure		V8	High- & medium–high-tech manufactures,	0.801
Electricity output, kWh/mn pop	0.849		Knowledge diffusion		V18
Logistics performance	0.853		Intellectual property receipts	0.731
Gross capital formation, % GDP	0.117		High-tech net exports, % total trade	0.377
Gross capital formation, % GDP	0.117		ICT services exports, % total trade	0.697
Ecological sustainability		V9	FDI net outflows, % GDP	0.776
GDP/unit of energy use	0.646		FDI net outflows, % GDP	0.776
Environmental performance	0.885		Intangible assets		V19
ISO 14001 environmental certificates	0.692		Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP	0.496
ISO 14001 environmental certificates	0.692		Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP	0.553
Credit		V10	ICTs & business model creation	0.899
Ease of getting credit	0.726		ICTs & organizational model creation	0.881
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP	0.77		ICTs & organizational model creation	0.881
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP	0.257		Creative goods & services		V20
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP	0.257		Cultural & creative services exports	0.834
Investment		V11	National feature films/mn pop	0.607
Ease of protecting minority investors	0.645		Entertainment & Media market/th pop	0.621
Market capitalization, % GDP	0.61		Printing & other media, % manufacturing	0.63
Venture capital deals/bn PPP$ GDP	0.738		Creative goods exports, % total trade	0.782
			Online creativity		V21
			Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop	0.816
			Country-code TLDs/th pop	0.792
			Wikipedia edits/mn pop	0.878
			Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP	0.709

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