A Systems View Across Time and Space
Table 4 Total effects
Direct Effects | Original sample (O) | Sample mean (M) | Standard deviation (STDEV) | T statistics (O/STDEV) | P values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EO > PSMEs | 0.237 | 0.238 | 0.091 | 2.603 | 0.010 |
TQM > PSMEs | 0.236 | 0.247 | 0.069 | 3.444 | 0.001 |
EO > Open innovation | 0.403 | 0.394 | 0.124 | 3.244 | 0.001 |
TQM > Open innovation | 0.403 | 0.418 | 0.117 | 3.439 | 0.001 |
Open innovation > PSMEs | 0.587 | 0.595 | 0.075 | 7.805 | 0.000 |